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INDEX
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Acheson, Dean, 185, 231, 249, 272–75, 281, 299, 346; appointed secretary of state, 272, 274–75; background of, 272; China and, 163, 284–88; Greek Communist uprising and, 231; H-bomb development and, 294–95, 296; Hiss affair and, 274, 290, 292; international control of atomic weapons and, 198–200, 201; Korean War and, 310, 312, 313–14, 317, 322, 330, 332, 354; McCarthyism and, 290–92; on national security concerns in Asia, 303–4, 309, 310; Roosevelt’s conflict with, 272–73; Truman’s relationship with, 273–74
Afghanistan, 365
African Americans, 219, 266–67
Air Force, U.S., 176, 252, 257, 344–45
Air Force Department, U.S., 248
Albania, 232
Algeria, 275, 365
Allende, Salvador, 365
Allied Control Council for Japan, 135, 158
Amerasia investigation, 224–25
American Society of Newspaper Editors, 42, 292, 351
anticommunism, 106, 163, 221–27, 236–37, 282–83; Acheson’s confirmation hearings and, 274–75; of Churchill, 16, 18–19, 21, 26; Churchill’s 1946 speeches on Soviet threat and, 203–8, 211–13, 218; congressional elections of 1946 and, 221–23, 224, 226; European defensive alliances and, 192–93, 255, 258, 259, 260, 275–77 (see also North Atlantic Treaty Organization); fear of Communist penetration of government and, 163, 233–34, 290–93, 348; of Hitler, 66, 74, 76, 79, 80; McCarthy and, 290–93, 300, 347–48; of Nixon, 221–22, 346, 368; Red scare of 1919–20 and, 26; Stalin’s concern about postwar resurgence of, 66; Truman’s apocalyptic rhetoric and, 231–35, 251–52, 255–56; Truman’s standing as president and, 219–20, 224, 225–26; U.S. opinion surveys and, 218, 316–17
anti-Semitism: of Hitler, 5, 72–73, 74, 80; of Stalin, 215, 356–57. See also Holocaust
appeasement: Byrnes accused of, 134, 155–57; “lessons” of, applied to postwar circumstances, 125, 131, 258–59, 299–300, 312; Munich Pact and, 19, 75, 297, 312
Arab League, 270
Arabs, 233; Palestine issue and, 172–78, 270. See also Palestine
Ardennes offensive (1944), 79
Argentina, 103
Armenia, 158
Army Department, U.S., 148, 248
Arnold, Matthew, 179
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 198–202, 294; Acheson-Lilienthal committee and, 198–200; Baruch’s plan for, 201–2
atomic weapons, 62, 101, 119–33, 134, 149, 184, 193–202, 216, 226, 241, 258, 259–60, 267, 283, 293–98, 336, 345, 354, 365, 368–69; alert of 1973 and, 196; atomic scientists’ concerns about, 130, 194, 197–98; beginning of Cold War and, 122–24; Byrnes’s information-sharing proposal and, 155–57; Churchill’s readiness to fight Soviet Union with, 212; Cuban missile crisis and, 132, 194–95, 365, 366–67; espionage and, 122, 187–88, 199, 278, 313, 315; first successful test of, 119–20; future dangers posed by, 120–21, 193–200; H-bomb and, 127, 293–96, 300, 314–15, 317; information about, withheld from Soviets, 23–24, 35–36, 52, 56–57, 60, 62, 121, 122–24, 197; international control over, 130, 131, 133, 145, 156, 194, 197, 198–202; Japan bombed with, 4, 7, 119, 120, 121, 125–29, 130–31, 197, 343; Kennan’s views on, 132–33, 194; Korean War and, 194, 326, 327, 329–30, 339, 342, 350, 355; Manhattan Project and, 35–36, 119–20, 122, 130, 198; possible uses of, in 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, 194–95; proliferation of, 131, 194; Soviet development of, 122, 131, 133, 182, 187–88, 212, 243, 277–79, 294–98, 309, 313, 314–15, 322; Truman kept in dark about, 68–69, 71; Truman’s revelation to Stalin about, 121–24; U.S. arsenal of, 200, 280, 293, 294, 299, 317, 328; U.S. monopoly on, 131, 133, 182, 199–200, 202, 205, 206; U.S. public opinion on, 145, 193–94, 197, 316–17, 329; in U.S. planning for all-out war with Soviet Union, 252. See also nuclear arms race
Attlee, Clement, 116–17, 118, 156, 169
Australia, 84, 85, 86, 318
Austria, 5, 58, 108, 251
Baku oil fields, 157
Balfour Declaration (1917), 172, 173
Balkans, 230, 365; fight against Nazis in, 45–46; postwar fate of, 22–23, 44, 53, 54, 108, 116, 229, 243. See also specific nations
Baltic states, 5; postwar fate of, 21, 27, 40, 45, 49, 52, 243
Bao Dai, 359
Baruch, Bernard, 201–2
Bataan Death March (1942), 4
Battle of the Bulge (1944), 55, 58
Battle of the Coral Sea (1942), 86
Bay of Pigs invasion (1961), 365
BBC, 78–79
Belarus (White Russia), 99, 103
Belgium, 5, 192, 258; fi
ghting in, 55, 58, 79
Beneš, Edvard, 256
Beria, Lavrenty, 54, 150, 278, 355, 357
Berle, Adolf, Jr., 60, 274
Berlin, 339; devastation in, 112, 127; Soviet advance on, 58, 79, 81, 82, 122, 181; Soviet blockade of (1948), 259–61, 263, 264, 267, 271, 276, 279, 280, 300, 301
Bevin, Ernest, 117, 237, 240, 255, 281
Bidault, Georges, 237, 240
biological warfare, 343
Bismarck, Otto von, 125
Boer War, 17, 367
Bohlen, Charles, 110, 115
Bohr, Niels, 23, 197
Bolshevik Party, 31–32
Bolshevik revolution, 181
Bradley, Omar, 324, 328, 331
Brecht, Bertolt, 301
Bretton Woods conference (1944), 238
Brezhnev, Leonid, 153
British Security Coordination (BSC), 213
Brooke, Sir Alan, 109
Brussels Pact, 258, 259, 260
B-29 Superfortress, 88, 89
Bulganin, Mikhail, 150
Bulgaria, 22, 116, 155, 158, 232, 235, 257, 262
Bullitt, William C., 185–86
Bundy, McGeorge, 11–12
Burke, Edmund, 241
Burma, 83
Bush, George H. W., 369
Bush, George W., 315, 316, 366, 369
Bush, Vannevar, 23–24, 198
Butler, Hugh, 291, 299
Butterfield, Herbert, 171–72
Byrnes, James, 71, 148–49, 158, 201; inclined to compromise with Soviets, 149, 153–57; Kennan’s critique of, 154–55; at London conference of 1945, 133–34, 153–54; at Moscow conference of 1945, 154–56; Truman’s appointment of, 110–11; Truman’s disagreements with, 155–56, 157, 271
Cambodia, 315, 316, 361, 365. See also Indochina
Camp David peace accords (1978), 175
Canada, Soviet spy ring in, 187–88, 199
Canfil, Fred, 111
capitalism, 67, 291; ideological struggle of communism vs., 66, 117, 123–25, 133, 171–72, 181–87, 188–89, 203, 214, 215, 240; Stalin’s speculation on war among proponents of, 279–80; two world wars deemed inevitable result of, 182–83, 184
Caroline Islands, 86
Carter, Jimmy, 175
Casablanca conference (1943), 37–38, 42
Castro, Fidel, 365
CBI (China, Burma, and India) area, 90–91
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 248–49, 257, 365, 387n
Chamberlain, Neville, 19, 297, 312
Chambers, Whittaker, 268, 274
Chiang, Mme., 91–92
Chiang Kai-shek, 89–94, 364; civil war and, 90, 159, 160, 236; Communist attack on Taiwan and, 287–88, 301, 304, 310, 311–12, 313, 330; Communist defeat of, 283–87, 290; corrupt and ineffective regime of, 92, 143, 144, 159, 167, 284–85; MacArthur’s public statement of support for, 318–19; Nationalist-Communist coalition government and, 94, 142–45, 159, 166–67, 226; planning of postwar arrangements and, 93–94, 142; retaking of mainland suggested for, 318–19, 322, 330, 331, 350; Roosevelt sympathetic toward, 92–93; Stalin’s show of support for, 160, 164; U.S. support for, 89–90, 144–45, 161, 163, 165, 236, 283, 285, 318–19; war effort against Japan and, 89–91, 93–94
Chicago Tribune, 333
Chile, 365
China, 7, 40, 89–94, 95, 113, 119, 129, 138, 142–45, 159–68, 171, 193, 217, 227, 283–90, 301, 302, 303, 317, 365; Amerasia investigation and, 224–25; attack on Taiwan Nationalists by, 287–88, 301, 304, 310, 311–12, 313, 330; Big Four status of, 89–90, 126; civil war in, 90, 94, 143, 145, 159, 160, 162, 167, 225, 235–36, 275, 283–87, 310; coalition government attempted in, 94, 142–45, 155, 159, 161–63, 165–67, 226, 284–85; Communist victory in, 283–87, 290, 309, 322, 360; Hurley’s criticism of policy toward, 160–61, 162, 287; Japanese aggression and occupation in, 3–4, 88, 89–90, 143, 159, 171; Korean War and, 168, 194, 304, 309–11, 315, 318, 320–32, 336–46, 349–51, 353, 354–55, 359, 361; lost opportunities for U.S. cooperation with, 164–65, 168, 285–86; MacArthur’s provocative statements on, 318–19, 330–32, 336; Marshall’s mission in, 161–63, 165–66, 235–36, 283; Nixon and Kissinger’s initiative toward, 367–68; as nuclear power, 296; outcry over “loss” of, 284, 290, 304, 313, 346, 348; planning of postwar arrangements and, 90, 93–94, 97, 142, 225, 226; PRC ( People’s Republic of China) establishment and, 283, 286, 287–88; Soviet relations with, 93, 159–60, 163–65, 168, 236, 285, 286, 287, 288–89, 310, 315, 322, 368; State Department accused of supporting Communists in, 160–61, 287, 290; suggestions for Chiang’s retaking of, 318–19, 322, 330, 331, 350; U.S. public opinion on, 287; U.S. relations with Communist regime in, 285–88, 289, 367–68; Vietnamese independence movement and, 141, 359, 361, 362; white paper explaining U.S. policy toward, 284–85, 286–87
Chinese Communist Party, 141, 142, 143–44, 159, 163, 164, 165, 167
Chou En-lai, 144, 163–64, 167, 286, 345
Churchill, Sarah, 55–56, 61
Churchill, Winston, 1, 6–7, 8, 16–24, 30, 149, 211–13, 228, 362; on American naiveté about China, 90; anticommunism of, 16, 18–19, 21, 26; atomic weapons and, 23–24, 35–36, 52, 120, 121–24, 127–28, 197, 200; boyhood and education of, 16–17, 24; Britain prodded toward understanding of Soviet dangers by, 211–13; conduct of war in Europe and, 19–21, 28, 29, 31, 34–39, 40–41, 44, 45–46, 51, 54, 55, 81; de Gaulle’s relations with, 42–43; depressions of, 18, 19, 20, 21; early career and rise to power of, 17–20, 25–26; Indian independence and, 169; “iron curtain” coined by, 116, 205–6; Manhattan Project and, 35–36; nation rallied by, 20–21; outbreak of World War II and, 19; Pacific War and, 83, 127–28; personal nature of, 16, 20–21, 34; planning of postwar arrangements and, 15–16, 21–24, 43–49, 51–61, 64, 65–67, 71, 97–98, 99, 107–18, 120, 121–22, 129–30, 141, 229; Roosevelt’s death and, 67, 68, 71; Soviet alliance and, 19, 21, 28, 29; Stalin’s 1942 meeting with, 31, 34–36; toppling of government of, 116–18; Truman as viewed by, 68; Truman’s personal rapport with, 110, 111–13; UN founding and, 46, 49, 61, 97–98, 99; Westminster College speech of (Iron Curtain speech; 1946), 203–8, 212–13, 218
civil rights, 266–67
Clark, Mark, 349, 351
class struggles, 214, 219
Clay, Lucius, 256–57
Clemenceau, Georges, 3
Clifford, Clark, 249, 266, 268–69, 270
Cold War: Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech and, 203–8; lengthy standoff in, 301; Truman’s declaration of, 231–35. See also specific topics
Cold War, The (Lippmann), 246–47
colonialism: Indian independence and, 168–72; Indochina and, 140–42, 358–62; postwar order and, 42, 43, 99
Comintern (Communist International), 27, 47, 52
communism, 82, 206, 248, 280, 361; domestic, as threat to U.S., 268; economic strategy against spread of, 238–42, 247 (see also Marshall Plan); ideological struggle of capitalism vs., 66, 117, 123–25, 133, 171–72, 181–87, 188–89, 203, 214, 215, 240; State Department accused of support for, 160–61, 287, 290. See also anticommunism
Communist parties: Chinese and Soviet rivalry for control of, 159; European vulnerability to, 238, 240, 252; Stalin’s promotion of, 64, 108. See also specific national parties
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 83, 141, 181, 185, 215; Stalin’s views on Jewish leaders in, 215. See also Politburo
Communist Party of the United States of America, 26–27, 163, 218, 317
Compton, Karl T., 293
Conant, James, 198, 294
concentration camps, 78–79
Congress, U.S., 149, 177, 259, 303; authorization of military actions by, 315– 16, 329; civil rights legislation and, 267; control of atomic energy and, 198, 199, 201; House Un-American Activities Committee, 163, 274; MacArthur’s appearance before joint session of, 334–35; Marshall Plan and, 238; military appropriations and, 277–78, 299; National Security Act of 1947 and, 248–49; Truman’s dealings with opposition in, 228; Trum
an’s March 1946 speech to, 231–32. See also Senate, U.S.
congressional elections of 1946, 175, 187, 220, 224, 266, 273; Kennedy’s victory in, 222–23, 226; McCarthy’s victory in, 224; Nixon’s victory in, 221–22, 223
congressional elections of 1948, 223
congressional elections of 1950, 292, 323
Connally, John, 195
Connally, Tom, 156, 310
containment policy, 252, 265, 267, 332, 346, 351; Kennan’s X article and, 244–48
Council of Foreign Ministers: 1945 London conference of, 133–34, 153–54; 1945 Moscow conference of, 154–56; 1947 London conference of, 253–55; 1947 Moscow conference of, 235, 237–38; 1949 Paris conference of, 276, 280–81
Council on Foreign Relations, 247
covert activities, 249, 317
Cuba, Bay of Pigs invasion in (1961), 365
Cuban missile crisis (1962), 132, 194–95, 365, 366–67
Czechoslovakia, 19, 75, 253; Communist coup in (1948), 256–57, 263, 264, 267, 268, 271, 301; Soviet conquest of, 53, 81, 82
Dakar, 43
Daladier, Edouard, 297
Dardanelles, 158
Darfur, 365
Darien, 93, 288
Darlan, Jean, 38
Davies, Joseph E., 82, 149
D-Day invasion (1944), 51, 54, 62, 77, 162
Defense Department, U.S., creation of secretary of defense post and, 248, 250
de Gaulle, Charles, 33, 41–43, 146–47, 364; Indochina and, 140, 141, 358, 362; Stalin as viewed by, 63
democracy, 6, 50, 63, 85, 106, 142, 145, 147, 227, 232, 237, 249, 251, 269, 290, 308, 362, 366; Japan transformed into, 135, 136, 137; weakness in making of foreign policy ascribed to, 226–27
Democratic Party, 216, 269, 274, 291, 295, 313, 349; Communist sympathies ascribed to, 219–20, 278, 291, 322, 346–47; electoral politics and, 51, 70–71, 163, 220, 221, 222–23, 226, 233–34, 260, 266, 273, 344
Depression, Great, 25, 26, 73, 75, 117, 182, 189, 272
détente, 153, 168, 192, 193
Dewey, Thomas E., 51, 134, 163, 177, 266, 269
Dien Bien Phu, battle of (1954), 194
Dies, Martin, 163
Djilas, Milovan, 108, 235
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 261
Doolittle, Jimmy, 84, 85