Douglas, William O., 186
“Dover Beach” (Arnold), 179
draft, military, 259
Dulles, John Foster, 134, 349, 351
Eastern Europe, 163, 171, 224, 253, 256, 267, 322; “alien influences” in Soviet Union and, 180; demands for representative governments in, 60, 61, 123, 213, 219; East-West balance in Europe and, 301; Marshall Plan and, 240, 242, 251; overthrow of Soviet rule in, 172, 216, 299, 300, 309, 317, 332, 348, 370; planning of postwar arrangements and, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63–64, 107, 113, 154, 155, 225–26; Soviet conquest and occupation of, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 77, 108, 131, 180, 226, 246; Soviet security concerns and, 56, 64, 113, 123, 134, 246; Warsaw Pact and, 193, 277. See also specific nations
East Germany, 46, 253, 257, 301, 314, 322
Eberstadt, Ferdinand, 243
Eden, Anthony, 21, 52, 53, 54, 58–59, 114, 117
Egypt, 175, 196, 365
Einstein, Albert, 7
Eisenhower, Dwight, 196, 243, 334, 365; atomic weapons and, 350; concentration camps and, 78, 79; on dangers of military-industrial complex, 11, 106; Indochina and, 360; Korean War and, 194, 348–53; McCarthy and, 224, 347–48; as presidential candidate, 147, 194, 313, 346–49; Soviet advance into Germany and, 81–82
Enola Gay, 126–27
espionage, 268, 269, 291; Acheson’s confirmation hearings and, 274–75; Amerasia investigation and, 224–25; atomic secrets and, 122, 187–88, 199, 278, 313, 315; Chambers–Hiss affair and, 268, 274, 290, 292
Estonia. See Baltic states
European Recovery Plan. See Marshall Plan
Europeans, self-identification of, 10–11
Faisal I, king of Iraq, 174
Farrell, Thomas F., 119–20
Fascism, 1, 8, 18, 163
Federal Employee Loyalty Program, 234
Federation of Atomic Scientists (FAS), 197–98
Final Solution (Judenrein), 5. See also Holocaust
Finland, 3, 28, 40, 116, 367
Ford, Henry, 251
Foreign Affairs, 244–48
Forrestal, James, 33, 243, 244, 250–51
Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 68
France, 5, 7, 10, 18, 27, 28, 56, 231, 242, 251, 252, 279, 296; Algeria and, 275, 365; appeasement policy of, 19, 75, 299; capitulation of, to Germany, 20, 41, 42, 75; defensive alliances and, 258, 276, 277; devastation in, 95; German revival feared by, 258, 259; Indochina and, 140–42, 159, 194, 275, 358–62; in occupation of Germany, 61; occupied, cross-Channel assault on, 30, 34, 36–37, 38, 40, 44, 45–46, 51, 54, 62, 77, 162; planning of postwar arrangements and, 41–43, 237, 259; Soviet power feared in, 257, 258
Franco, Francisco, 18
French Communist Party, 237, 251, 252
Fuchs, Klaus, 122, 188, 315
Fulbright, J. William, 220–21
Gallup polls, 187, 206, 221, 266, 316–17, 339
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 169, 170
General Electric, 198
George, W. L., 45
German Workers’ Party, 74
Germany, 7, 10, 18, 246–47, 256, 279, 370; Berlin blockade and (1948), 259–61, 263, 264, 267, 271, 276, 279, 280, 300, 301; circumstances leading to Hitler’s rise in, 73, 74–75; devastation in, 95; devout anti-Communists in, 242–43; division of, 259, 281; occupation of, 55, 59, 61, 116, 118, 135, 214, 237, 254, 276; planning of postwar arrangements for, 55, 56, 57, 59, 116, 235, 237–38, 253–55, 280–81; possibility of establishing Jewish refuge in, 173–74; reluctant to rebuild its military forces, 105; resurgent, fears of, 123, 184, 216, 238, 246, 258, 259, 260, 261, 276, 277, 281; Soviet advance into, 58, 64–65, 77–78, 79, 81–82; Soviet influence in, 253–54. See also East Germany; Hitler, Adolf; Nazi Germany; West Germany; World War II
Gilbert Islands, 86
Giraud, Henri, 42
Goebbels, Joseph, 7, 72
Goldwater, Barry, 195
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 153
Gordov, V. N., 261–62
Göring, Hermann, 7, 80
Gottwald, Klement, 314
Great Britain, 4, 7, 28, 30, 57, 75, 149, 188, 202–3, 235, 242, 252, 259, 279; appeasement policy of, 19, 75, 299; atomic weapons program of, 23–24, 35–36, 62, 296; Churchill’s warnings to, on danger posed by Soviet Union, 211–13; defensive alliances and, 258, 276, 277; events leading to World War II and, 19, 27; India’s independence from, 168–72; Palestine and, 172–73, 177; postwar reconstruction in, 113; retreat of, from Balkans and Middle East, 229–33; Soviet alliance with, 19, 21, 28, 29; UN control over colonies and, 99; winter storms of 1947 in, 228–29, 230. See also Churchill, Winston; Pacific War; World War II
Greece, 22, 57, 123, 238; Communist uprising in, 55, 229–33, 262, 267, 272
Gromyko, Andrei, 99, 122, 212
Groves, Leslie R., 119–20, 198
Guam, 84
Guatemala, 365
gulags, 63, 180, 185, 315, 358
Gulf War (1990–91), 316, 369
Haig, Al, 196
Harriman, Averell, 57, 67, 104, 110, 120, 163, 185, 324; Japan’s postwar governance and, 135; Molotov’s attendance at UN founding conference and, 100, 101; on Soviet intransigence, 51; on Stalin’s personal nature, 305–6
Hawaii, 86; Pearl Harbor attack in (1941), 29, 77, 88, 96, 176, 257
Hegel, G. W. F., 363
Hersey, John, 127
Himmler, Heinrich, 7
Hirohito, emperor of Japan, 126, 128–29, 135
Hiroshima bombing (1945), 4, 126–28, 197
Hiss, Alger, 268, 274, 290, 292, 346
Hiss, Donald, 274
Hitler, Adolf, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 18, 27, 33, 39, 66, 72–81, 171, 193, 202, 248, 255, 299, 363–64, 365; anticommunism of, 66, 74, 76, 79, 80; anti-Semitism of, 5, 72–73, 74, 80 (see also Holocaust); boyhood and schooling of, 72–73; concerns about separate peace with, 37, 38; contradictions in, 305; distorted, irrational ambitions of, 72, 73, 80–81; downward spiral of defeats and, 76, 77, 79–80; early political career and rise to power of, 74–76; as ideal enemy for Churchill, 20–21; military victories of 1939–40 and, 20, 75–76; Munich concessions to, 19, 75, 297, 312; officers’ attempted coup against (1944), 76–77, 364; propaganda techniques of, 76; Roosevelt’s death and, 72; Soviet Union attacked by, 21, 28–29, 71, 153, 246; Stalin compared to, 256, 257–59, 264, 276, 280, 300, 312; Stalin’s nonaggression pact with, 19, 21, 27, 28, 47, 153, 311; suicide of, 79, 80; Truman’s public statement on, 71; war declared on U.S. by, 77; in World War I, 73–74
Ho Chi Minh, 141–42, 358–60, 361, 362
Hodge, John, 139
Hokkaido, 135
Holocaust, 5, 72, 78–79, 215, 363; Jewish migration to Palestine and, 172, 173, 174, 176
Hong Kong, 83
Hoover, Herbert, 69, 82, 144, 229
Hopkins, Harry, 30, 55, 59, 67, 104
House Un-American Activities Committee, 163, 274
Howard, Roy, 27
Hull, Cordell, 103
Humphrey, Hubert, 293
Hungary, 22, 53, 116, 257
Hurley, Patrick, 144–45, 160–61, 162, 287
hydrogen bomb (H-bomb), 127, 300, 317; debate over development of, 293–96; Soviet development of, 314–15
Ickes, Harold, 69
Ignatieff, Michael, 125
“imperial presidency,” 316
India, 8, 84, 296, 365; Hindu-Muslim divisions in, 169, 170–71; independence of, 168–72; partition of, 170–71
Indochina, 43, 138, 139–42, 194, 275; postwar re-creation of French colonial rule in, 140–42, 159, 358–59; Vietnamese independence movement in, 141–42, 358–62
Indonesia, 275
inflation, 193, 219, 220
International Atomic Development Authority, 199–200
internationalism, 26, 40, 50, 51, 60, 96–97, 227, 265
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 190, 238
Iran, 155, 157, 163, 231, 232, 365; nuclear weapons sought by, 296, 365
Iraq War (2003–), 315, 316, 366, 369
“iron curt
ain,” Churchill’s coining of phrase, 116, 205–6
Iron Curtain speech (Churchill; 1946), 203–8, 212–13, 218
Irving, David, 79
isolationism: preceding U.S. involvement in World War II, 26, 28, 96, 105–6, 276, 299; reversion to, after World War II, 40, 50, 51, 57–58, 59, 134, 139, 148, 176, 227, 265
Israel, 175, 196, 271, 296, 356, 365; creation of, 172–78 (see also Palestine); U.S. recognition of, 178, 269–70
Italy, 3, 8, 18, 57, 88, 251, 252; Allied attack on, 37–38, 44, 62; Communist Party of, 251, 252; negotiations over surrender of German forces in, 64–65, 81; UN admission of, 116
Iwo Jima, battle of (1945), 86–87
Japan, 26, 66, 113, 163, 171, 172, 216, 225, 288–89, 299, 311, 353, 354, 363; Communist neighbors as security threat to, 302, 303; Korea and, 139, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307; militarism in, 1, 5, 8, 10, 126, 129, 135; occupation of, 135–38, 155, 158, 301–2, 318, 324, 355; postwar transformation of, 129, 136, 301–2, 370; reluctant to rebuild military forces, 105; U.S. military bases in, 327, 328, 339, 355; U.S. peace agreement with, 301–2, 309, 328, 337, 339, 355. See also Pacific War
Japanese Americans, incarceration of, 85–86
Jenner, William, 333, 347
Jessup, Phillip, 324
Jewish American community, 175, 215
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, 356
Jews: Hitler’s anti-Semitism and, 5, 72–73, 74, 80 (see also Holocaust); Palestine issue and, 172–78 (see also Israel; Palestine); possibility of establishing refuge in Germany for, 173–74; Stalin’s distrust of, 215, 356–57
Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 170–71
Johnson, Louis, 294, 295–96, 299
Johnson, Lyndon B., 195, 196, 223, 293, 315, 316, 365, 367, 369
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 288, 294, 303, 320, 331, 336, 367
Joy, Turner, 338
Justice Department, U.S., 225
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, Berlin, 122
Kalinin, Mikhail, 28, 32, 356
Kase, Toshikazu, 9
Kennan, George F., 1, 115, 183–84, 186, 189–93, 249, 257–58, 263–64; H-bomb development and, 295; on Byrnes’s conduct at 1945 Moscow conference, 154–55; on Chinese- Soviet relations, 159–60, 164; February 1946 “Long Telegram” of, 190–92, 216, 264; Korean War and, 325, 332; on “loss” of China, 290; May 1945 assessment of Soviets by, 181, 189–90; NATO creation and, 192–93, 277; November 1947 overview of Soviet-American relations by, 252–53; on nuclear weapons and, 132–33, 194; at odds with mainstream thinking, 281–82; retirement of, 282, 298; Stalin evaluated by, 149–50, 151, 152–53, 297–98; on Truman’s speech on Greece, 232–33; X article by, 244–48, 264
Kennedy, John F., xi–xii, 11, 365, 369; anticommunism of, 223, 226; Cuban missile crisis and, 194–95, 196, 366–67; elected to Congress, 222–23; on Soviet threat, 223; UN founding and, 104, 105
Kennedy, Joseph, 104
Kerensky, Alexander, 32
Kerr, Sir Archibald Clark, 37
Khrushchev, Nikita, 150, 153, 196, 355, 356; Cuban missile crisis and, 365 366, 367
Kim Il Sung, 302, 304–6, 307–8, 311, 320, 330, 336, 352, 353, 361, 364; background of, 304–5; cult of personality of, 305; invasion of South proposed by, 309–10; personal nature of, 305–6; repressive regime of, 306, 307, 308
King, Mackenzie, 156, 259
Kissinger, Henry, 167, 196, 308, 365, 367–69
Korea, 8, 138, 155, 159, 217, 224, 247; aversion to representative government in, 308; Japanese control of, 139, 304, 305, 306, 307; peninsula-wide elections and reunification planned for, 303, 304, 305, 320; postwar division and occupation of, 139
Korean War, 168, 302–46, 349–55, 358, 359, 361; armistice talks in, 336–38, 339–41, 343–44, 345, 350–53, 357; atomic attacks considered in, 194, 326, 327, 329–30, 339, 342, 350, 355; biological warfare charged in, 343; bombing raids on North Korea in, 344–45; casualties in, 327, 328, 354; Chinese intervention in, 320, 321–23, 324, 325–27, 328, 336, 354–55; Chinese support for Kim’s war plans in, 309–10, 311, 312; congressional authorization not sought in, 315–16; Eisenhower’s visit and, 348, 349–50; extraordinary combination of events leading to, 308–11; Inchon landing in, 319; invasion of North Korea in, 319–23, 325, 354, 364, 369; MacArthur firing and, 330–36; MacArthur’s command in, 194, 311, 318, 319–20, 323–26; North Korean successes in early days of, 311, 318; North Korea’s attack on South Korea as start of, 311; North-South borders and, 337, 339–40, 351; poor leadership demonstrated by all belligerents in, 353–55; potential widening of, 329–32, 335–36, 354; POW repatriation and, 340–41, 343, 344, 345, 349, 351, 352, 353; presidential election of 1952 and, 194, 313, 346, 348–49; Pusan defensive perimeter in, 318, 319, 328; renewed offensive in (1952), 344–45; Rhee’s opposition to truce in, 352–53; Ridgway’s victories in, 328, 329; Soviet support for North Korea in, 309–10, 311, 312, 326–27; stalemate in, 345; tensions between North and South Korea before, 302–8; Truman’s apocalyptic fantasies and, 341–42, 343–44; Truman’s decision to rescue South Korea in, 311–14, 332, 354; Truman’s domestic pressures and, 322–23, 330–31, 341; UN “police action” in, 314, 315; U.S. defense buildup stimulated by, 317; U.S. detachment from developments before outbreak of, 303–4, 310–11, 314; U.S. ground forces committed to, 311, 317–18; U.S. not expected to intervene in, 309–10; U.S. public opinion and, 313, 316–17, 328–29, 336, 338, 352; Yalu River bridges bombed in, 325
Krock, Arthur, 245
Kuomintang, 143. See also Chiang Kai-shek
Kurchatov, Igor, 122
Kuril Islands, 93, 135
Kuwait, 369
labor unions, 193, 219, 220, 222
Ladies’ Home Journal, 197
Lane, Arthur Bliss, 57
Laos, 361. See also Indochina
Latin America, 106, 236, 249, 275, 368
Latvia. See Baltic states
Lawrence, Ernest, 293
League of Nations, 26, 96–97, 98, 104, 172, 265
Leahy, William D., 110, 204
LeMay, Curtis, 89, 194–95, 367
lend-lease program, 103, 104, 182
Lenin, V. I., 29, 31, 32, 152, 153
Life, 82, 87–88, 90
Lilienthal, David, 198–200, 201, 294, 295–96
Lincoln, Abraham, 6, 8, 69
Lippmann, Walter, 186, 246–47
Lipstadt, Deborah, 79
Lithuania, 99. See also Baltic states
Litvinov, Maxim, 27, 83
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 97
London conference (1945), 133–34, 153–54
London conference (1947), 253–55
Long, Huey, 70, 85
Look, 97
Lovett, Robert, 247, 251, 302
loyalty declarations, 220, 225
Luce, Clare Boothe, 84
Luce, Henry, 40, 82, 90, 144, 290
Luxemburg, 192, 258
lynchings, 219, 267
MacArthur, Douglas, 147, 194, 303; atomic attacks and, 194, 326, 350; egotism and personal nature of, 84–85; expressions of respect for, 334–35; firing of, 330–36, 342; Korean War and, 194, 311, 318, 319–20, 321, 323–26, 330–36, 342, 344, 350, 354; occupation of Japan commanded by, 135–37, 138, 158, 318, 324; Pacific War and, 8–9, 84–85, 126, 318; Roosevelt’s difficulties with, 85; Senate testimony of, 335–36; Truman’s China policy challenged by, 318–19; Truman’s Wake Island meeting with, 323–24
Madison, James, 315
Mailer, Norman, 197
Majdanek death camp, Poland, 78–79
Malaya, 83
Malenkov, Georgy, 150, 355
Malta, Churchill and Roosevelt’s meeting on (1944), 58–59
Manchuria, 304, 342; Japanese forces in, 26, 93; Korean War and, 320, 321, 322, 325, 326, 343; MacArthur’s request for atomic attack on, 326; returned to Chinese control, 288; Soviet control of, 93–94, 160, 164, 284, 288
Manhattan Project, 35–36, 119–20, 122, 130, 198
Mao Tse-tung, 144, 167, 302, 364; civ
il war and, 90, 94, 143, 160, 161, 309, 346; coalition government and, 142–43, 159, 166; explanations for victory of, 284–85; hopes for toppling of, 318–19, 322, 330, 331, 350; invasion of Taiwan by, 287–88, 301, 304, 310, 311–12, 313, 330; Korean War and, 309–10, 311, 326, 327, 337, 340, 350–51, 353, 354–55; Soviet relations with, 94, 163–64, 165, 285, 288–89; UN representation and, 314,330; U.S. relations with, 161, 168, 225, 236, 285–88, 289, 368
Marianas, 88
Marshall, George C., 5–6, 29, 78, 92, 110, 130, 231, 270, 347; China mission of, 161–63, 165–66, 235–36, 283; European reconstruction and, 238–40 (see also Marshall Plan); Germany’s postwar arrangements and, 235, 237–38, 253–54; Korean War and, 320; Pacific War and, 84, 86; resignation of, 271–72; Soviet threat and, 252, 259
Marshall Islands, 86
Marshall Plan, 235, 238–42, 247, 251–52, 259, 260, 267, 272, 281, 298; Soviet views on, 239, 240, 241–42; Truman’s apocalyptic rhetoric and, 255–56
Martin, Joseph, 234, 331
Masaryk, Jan, 256
McCarthy, Joseph R., 192, 223–24, 290– 93, 299, 300, 330, 333; Eisenhower’s presidential campaign and, 347–48
McCloy, John J., 198
McNamara, Robert, 367
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 74
Melville, Herman, 107
Middle East, 172–78, 193, 365, 366; Communist threat to, 230, 232; oil in, 157, 174, 175–76. See also Palestine
Midway Island, 86
Mikhoels, Solomon, 356
Mikoyan, Anastas, 150, 261
military-industrial complex, 11, 106
Military Liaison Board, 198
Miller, Merle, 331
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 32, 47, 48, 64, 135, 356; atomic bomb project and, 122; Germany’s postwar arrangements and, 237, 254; at London conference of 1945, 133–34, 153–54; Marshall Plan and, 240; opening of second front and, 29, 30; physical appearance and demeanor of, 29; Stalin’s relationship with, 29, 150, 261; UN organizing conference and, 64, 99, 100–101
Monsanto Chemical, 198
Montgomery, Bernard, 81, 243
Moran, Lord, 46, 48, 212
Morgenthau, Henry, 92, 149
Moscow, 181, 212; Churchill’s 1942 meeting with Stalin in, 31, 34–36
Moscow conference (1944), 21–23, 54
Moscow conference (1945), 154–56
Moscow conference (1947), 235, 237–38
Mountbatten, Lord, 169
Munich Pact (1938), 19, 75, 297, 312. See also appeasement