Royal Observer Corps 370
Ruhr 162, 186, 265, 277, 587, 719, 784, 791, 792
Runciman, Lord 108, 109
Rundstedt, Field-Marshal Gerd von 103, 268, 269, 270, 290, 296, 345, 393, 394, 408, 415, 441, 533, 617, 628, 639, 642, 649, 659, 688, 717, 733, 737, 760–61
Russia see Soviet Union
Russia-Centre 466
Russian Empire 355
Russian Revolution 205
Rust, Bernhard 800
Ruthenia (Carpatho-Ukraine) 157–8, 165, 166, 167
Ryti, State President Risto 525, 724
Rzhev area 531
SA (Sturmabteilung): and the armed forces xxxvii; dissatisfaction with the non-aggression pact 206; murder of leaders (1934) xxxix, 248, 358
SA-Reserve 139
Saar 81, 785; plebiscite (1935) 75, 76
Saar-Palatinate 315
Saarbrücken 297
Sachenhausen concentration camp 141, 274, 768
St Germain, Treaty of (1919) 65
St Lamberti Church, Münster 427
St Nazaire 660, 719
Salmuth, General Hans von 358
Salonika 361, 362, 366, 367, 595
Salzburg 70, 71, 202, 212, 643
Salzkammergut, near Salzburg 595
San Remo 16
San river 238
Sander, Lieutenant Ludolf Gerhard 673
Sanssouci 36
Saône river 722
Sardinia 586, 587, 592, 600
Sauckel, Fritz 563, 567–8, 707, 837
Saur, Karl Otto 633, 634, 823
Scandinavia 194, 286–9, 293, 332, 434
Schach, Gerhard 680
Schacht, Hjalmar 19, 89, 188, 225, 227, 320, 690; dispute with Darré 10; and Göring 11, 19; leaves the Economics Ministry 42, 46; opposes rearmament 9, 18; political impotence 146; replaced by Funk 58, 143; sacked as President of the Reichsbank 161; standing abroad 21–2
Schädle, Franz 833
Scharnhorst (battleship) 504
Scharnhorst, Gerhard von 644
Schaub, Julius 31–2, 140, 149, 235, 294, 643, 738, 797, 800, 805
Scheldt estuary 722–3
Schellenberg, SS-Brigadeführer Walter 689, 817, 819
Schenck, Dr Ernst Günther 826
Schiller Theatre 150
Schirach, Baldur von 7, 315, 351, 482, 590, 755, 837
Schirach, Henriette von 590
Schlabrendorff, Fabian von 659, 661, 662
Schlegelberger, Franz 506, 508
Schleicher, Kurt von xxxvii, 814
Schleswig-Holstein (battleship) 222
Schlitt, Ewald 508–9, 510–11
Schloß Belvedere, Vienna 360
Schloß Hirschberg, near Weilheim 736
Schmidt, Ernest 299
Schmidt, Guido 68–9, 71
Schmidt, Otto 54, 55, 56
Schmidt, Dr Paul 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 170, 171, 213, 214, 219–20, 223, 322, 581, 627, 628, 683
Schmorell, Alexander 552
Schmundt, Major-General Rudolf 119, 191, 192, 214, 235, 291, 294, 414, 450, 451, 452, 454, 478, 532, 533, 543, 549, 628, 630, 643, 660, 674, 726, 733, 788
Schnurre, Karl 196
Schoengarth, Karl 492
Scholl, Hans 552, 663
Scholl, Sophie 552, 663
Schönerer, Georg 65, 83
Schorfheide 799
Schörner, Field-Marshal Ferdinand 630, 724, 754, 758, 802, 815,825
Schroeder, Christa 30, 171, 235, 396–7, 398, 455, 500, 798, 800
Schulenburg, Count Friedrich Werner von der 195, 196, 210, 334
Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der 667, 683, 690
Schuschnigg, Kurt 58, 96; meetings with Hitler 61, 69, 70–2; proposed referendum on Austrian independence 64, 74, 76, 77, 80; resignation 75–7; von Papen plans to topple 45, 67, 69
Schwägermann, Günther 833
Schwanenwerder 150
Schwarze Korps, Das (SS organ) 151, 257
Schwede-Colburg, Franz 261
Schweinfurt, Lower Franconia 142
Schwerin, General Gerd Graf von 737
Schwerin, Lieutenant-Colonel Gerhard Graf von 225
Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz Graf 790, 800, 823, 834
Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, Ulrich Wilhelm Graf 690, 692
Schwielow Lake 826
Scotland 369, 373, 377, 379
SD (Sicherheitsdienst; Security Service) 42, 107, 365, 430, 476, 596, 606; cooperation over massacre of Jews 465; and a ‘crisis in confidence’ (1942) 508; discrimination against Jews 472; on economic expansion 186; and the Einsatzgruppen 382; and Goebbels’ ‘The Jews are Guilty’ article 482; and the Heé affair 374; and H’s battle against the Jews 494; H’s speeches 540; on the intervention of the NSDAP in business closures 575; and Jewish resettlement 134, 135, 320; ‘Jewish Section’ (Judenreferat) 42, 84; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; and newsreels of H 501; reports joy at H’s survival 699–702; role in shaping anti-Jewish policy 133
Sea of Azov 435, 526, 532, 599
Second Reich 65
Second World War: the attack on the West 266, 267, 275, 276, 278–9, 284, 286, 293; Britain declares war on Germany 223; fatalities 236, 297, 394, 404, 446, 490, 515, 547, 578, 647, 717, 726, 760, 764; first extermination unit (in Chelmno, 1941) 485; France declares war on Germany 223; German drive for ‘total war’ 548–9; Germany declares war on the USA 446; H’s aims for Scandinavia 288; H’s peace ‘offer’ 239, 265–6, 267; Jewish ‘guilt’ 489; Operation Barbarossa begins 393; responsibility for 224; Ribbentrop blamed 226; spring offensive begins (8 May 1942) 514; the summer offensive (1942) 526–30; the ‘world war’ term 490
Security Police 318, 324, 325, 336, 353, 355, 365, 382, 395, 464, 465, 467, 475, 486, 495
Security Service see SD
Seeckt, General Hans von 44, 205
Seldte, Franz 800
‘September Murders’ (Poland, 1939) 242
Serbia 476
Serbs 365
Serrano Suñer, Ramón 327
Sevastopol 451, 514, 523, 526, 630, 631, 735
Seven Years War 610–11, 742, 783, 792
Seydlitz-Kurzbach, General Walter 628–9, 772
Seyé-Inquart, Arthur 69–72, 74–9, 823, 837
Shanghai 146
Shirer, William 8, 78, 107, 113–14, 117, 118,
189, 221, 222, 239–40, 303
Siberia 462, 470–71, 477, 520, 703, 793
Sicherheitsdienst see SD
Sicily 581, 586, 587, 592, 593, 600; evacuation of 595, 599 ‘sickle cut’ plan 291, 295
Silesia 239, 305, 436, 758, 759, 762, 782
Simpson, Mrs Wallis (later Duchess of Windsor) 24
Sinclair, Sir Archibald 371
Singapore 293, 326, 363, 364, 456, 504
Skoda works, Czechoslovaklia 165
Skorzeny, Sturmbannführer Otto 602, 689,
734, 735, 736–7, 738
Slavs, hostility towards 173
Slovakia 164, 166, 167, 168–9, 177, 350, 724;
joins the Tripartite Pact 361
Smolensk 394, 399, 408, 409, 661
Sobibor extermination camp 484, 493, 520, 603
Social Democrats see SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands)
social-Darwinism 19, 208, 256, 405, 615, 636
socialism: admiration of H xxxix; powerlessness xxxvi
SOE see Special Operations Executive Soldau, East Prussia 484
‘Sonderkommando Lange’ 261
Sonderkommandos (‘special forces’) 382
Sonnenstein asylum 261
‘Sopade’ 201, 240; and the ‘Crystal Night’ 142;
‘Germany Report’ xxi
South America 25
South Tyrol 98–9, 664
South Tyroleans 267
Soviet air-force 343
Soviet army see Red Army Soviet radio 724
Soviet Union: admitted to the League of Nations 13; attack on (1941) 241, 252, 281; the ‘Blue’ offensiv
e 514–15, 523; counter-offensive (December 1941) 452; decreasing number of captured Soviet prisoners 527–8; deportation of Volga Germans 477–8, 480; economic agreement with Germany (January 1941) 343; economic difficulties 195; ‘ethnic cleansing’ 355; Finland signs an armistice 724; Five-Year Plan 23; food supplies 518; foreign policy aims 276; Friendship Treaty with Yugoslavia 365; genocidal actions in (1941) 248, 249; German delay in attacking 368; and German eastern expansion xlvi, 449; German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (23 September 1939) 238; Göring’s policy 406; Guderian favours a retreat 454; H stresses Russian strength 43; Himmler’s policy 406; H’s opinion of Slavs 400–401; H’s reasons for deciding to attack 335–6; H’s view 12–13; H’s vision for 400–405; H’s war directive (18 December 1940) 335, 341; invades Poland from the east 236; and Japan 13; Jewish influence 489–90; the Katyn case 583; labour camps 480, 481–2; massacre of Jews 463–4, 477; militarily weak 285–6; mutual assistance agreement with Britain (1941) 457; non-aggression pact with Germany (1939) 205, 206, 210–11, 212, 228, 236, 238, 285, 292, 326, 385; ‘Northern Lights’ offensive 531; oil supplies 514, 517, 528, 529, 530, 536, 537; and Poland 192, 194, 204; preoccupied with internal upheavals 95, 286; reports of starvation and cannibalism 509; the retreat from the Caucasus begins 545; Russian prisoners-of-war gassed in Auschwitz 383; Soviet offensive begins (19 November 1942) 543; Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact 364; talks in Moscow (1939) 204–5; trade talks (1939) 196; trade treaty with Germany 205; treaty with Czechoslovakia 95; winter crisis of the German army 439–42, 447, 450–56, 490, 499, 516
Spaatz, General Carl 836
Spain: and the Axis 327, 329, 330, 348; Popular Front 13; reprisals for bombing of the Deutschland 43–4; Spanish Right 13–14
Spandau prison 377, 837
Spanish Civil War 9, 13–17, 23, 71; Guernica 24–5; H and 4, 13–17; Mussolini and 14
Spanish Morocco 14, 16
SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) xl, xlii, 173, 184, 754
‘Special Commission, 20 July’ 690
Special Operations Executive (SOE) 518, 519
Speer, Albert 19, 32, 150, 350, 559, 571, 611, 612, 613, 696, 773, 774–5, 791, 798, 799, 834; Armaments Minister 504, 519, 554, 563, 567, 635, 706, 711–12, 823; and the atomic bomb 731; the Berlin Olympics 6; blames Goebbels for the ‘excesses’ 149; and Citadel 580; and the Committee of Three 568–9, 569–70; court favourite 183, 199, 227, 503; driving ambition 503, 504; Goebbels reproaches over FHQ security 678; H’s reaction to Heé’s flight 371; knee operation 633; life after prison 837; memorandum of 15 March 1945 784–5; Messerschmitt production 621; New Reich Chancellery 167; organizational talent 503; the Paris visit 299, 300; position weakens 715; the rebuilding of Berlin 35, 366; relations with H 35, 105, 503–4; his return to the Berghof ‘family’ 634; taste in architecture 35; unable to break free from H 806; and the uprising (1944) 679
Speidel, Major-General Hans 660
Spengler, Oswald: Decline of the West xlii
Sperrle, Field-Marshal Hugo 70, 503, 649
Sponeck, Hans Graf von 455
SS (Schutszstaffel; Protection Squad) 313, 314, 358, 625; arbitrary police lawlessness 692; armed wing 129; attempts to deport Poles from the Lublin area 589; and Auschwitz-Birkenau 767–8; conflict with the Wehrmacht 465; deportations by 318–19; determined to be masters of Germany and Europe 129; and ‘euthanasia action’ 261; and filmed executions 693; and the ‘Final Solution’ 604; frees Mussolini 602; and H’s personal security 660, 769; and Hungarian Jews 736; involvement in the ‘Jewish Question’ 86, 139; Kube and 406–7; legacy of the Blomberg-Fritsch affair 94; Lohse and 406; massacres of Ukrainian Jews 668; mission of 130; motto 819; Poland seen as an experimental playground 235; and a potential German attack on Poland 179; and power 64, 234; relations with the army 247, 248; reprisals for Heydrich’s assassination 519; transfer of responsibility for Jewish forced emigration 147; and the Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 242; and the Volkstumskampf 243
SS-Division ‘Berlin’ 798
Staaken aerodrome 801
Stalin, Joseph xvii, 194, 276, 328, 336, 386, 422, 470, 518, 527, 612, 728, 729, 730, 782, 788; and ‘Barbarossa’ 412, 416; and Bolshevism 285, 292; deportation of Volga Germans 477–8; destroys own officer corps 308; H admires his brutality 401, 772; and the Heé affair 379–80; invades Poland from the east 236; involvement in military affairs 453; Jewish influence 490; military incompetence 394; mutual distrust of H 331; non-aggression pact with Germany 205, 210–11; opposes a Polish rump state 238; partisan war 395; and Poland 195, 196; pressure on the Balkan states 305; purges 286, 688, 699; show-trials 689; speech to the Communist Party Congress (March 1939) 195; at Yalta 761, 778
Stalingrad 416, 435, 438, 497, 528–31, 533, 563, 578, 579, 619, 625, 647, 659, 663, 723, 752; the 6th Army is completely encircled 543; attempt to break the siege fails 545; battle for 534–8, 540, 544–50; H blames Germany’s allies 553–4; reaction to the fate of the 6th Army 551–2, 556–7
Stalino 532
Stauffenberg, Berthold 683, 690
Stauffenberg, Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von 651, 653, 655, 656, 657, 660, 664, 667–73, 675, 677, 681, 682, 683, 688, 689, 691, 695, 698, 699, 702, 705, 706, 715, 727
Steinau river 759
Steiner, SS-Obergruppenführer Felix 793, 802, 803, 814, 817, 818
‘Sterilization Law’ 256 sterilization programmes 234, 255, 259
Stettin 261, 290, 319
Stevens, Major R.H. 271
Steyr 160
Stieff, Major-General Hellmuth 661, 665, 669, 670, 671, 690, 692
Stockholm 816
Stoétrupp Hitler 138, 140, 149
Straits of Messina 599
Straits of Kerch 600
Straits of Sicily 585
Stralsund 261
Strang, William no Strasbourg 745
Strasser, Gregor 372, 373, 648, 755
Strasser, Otto 271
Straué, Adolf 455
Straué, Johann 634
Strauss, Richard 455; the Berlin Olympics 6;
Friedenstag 197; ‘Olympic Hymn’ 6
Streicher, Julius 200, 320, 374, 837; the Nazi Party’s Jew-baiter-in-chief 132 ‘Strength Through Joy’ xl, 350
Stroop, SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen 589, 837
Stuckart, Wilhelm 80, 245
Student, General Kurt 367
Stülpnagel, General Karl Heinrich von 678, 733
Stülpnagel, General Otto von 269
Stumpfegger, SS-Obersturmbannführer
Ludwig 727, 824–5, 833–4
Stumpff, Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen 836
Stuttgart 139, 685, 746
Styria province, Austria 73, 160, 698
Suchum 530
Sudeten German League 113
Sudeten German Party (Congress, Carlsbad, April 1938) 96
Sudeten Question 99, 108, 111, 121; see also under Czechoslovakia
Sukhinichi 531 survival of the fittest xli
swastika: at the Berlin Olympics 6
Sweden 194, 402, 604, 617, 817
Swinemünde 176, 261
Switzerland 267, 273, 274, 676, 817
Sword Beach 640
Syria 189
Szalasi, Ferencz 734, 735, 736
Sztojay, Döme 627, 628, 640, 734
T4 (euthanasia action code-name) 260–1, 429, 430
Taganrog 526
Tannenberg, Battle of 197, 214
Tannenberg, first battle of 725