Tarnopol 629
Tedder, Air-Marshal Arthur W. 836 television see broadcasting Tetuán 14
Thiele, Major-General Fritz 675
Thierack, Otto Georg 507, 508, 692, 800, 823
Third Reich: administration chaos 569; the Anschlué a defining moment 64, 83; the Berlin Olympics 9; and the Blomberg scandal 52; Concordat with the Vatican (1933) 40; cut in two 809; destruction of xl; economic and political power of xvii; expansion 311; the governance of 504; growing British alienation 24; H authorizes mass-murder 252; H incapable of reforming 573; Hoepner wins law suit 507; and H’s fiftieth birthday 184; legislation (1941) 420–21; loss of eastern provinces xvii; mode of execution for civilian capital offences 693; readiness to strike down opposition 556; sectional interests 93; war fever 300
Thirty Years War 41
Thomas, General Georg 225, 344, 345–6, 353
Thorn 242
‘Three-Man Collective’ 312–13
Thuringia 15, 402, 765, 778
Thuringian Forest 539
Thyssen 132
Tilsit 176
The Times 840
Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon 394, 433, 528
Tirpitz (battleship) 178
Tiso, Father Jozef 169, 581
Titian 183
Tobruk 347, 523
Todt, Dr Fritz 98, 106, 334, 434, 441, 502–4, 526
Tojo, General 443
Tokyo 58
Topf, J.A. and Sons 483
‘Torch’ landings 542
Torgau 809
Torgler, Ernst 349
Tornow, Sergeant Fritz 825
‘total war’ 566, 643, 644, 699, 713, 729; and deployment of female labour 563; Goebbels and 561, 562, 563
Toulon 722
tourism xl
trade unions, suppression of xxxviii, xlii
Transylvania 723
Treblinka extermination camp 484, 493, 520, 603
Tresckow, Major-General Henning von 358, 359, 653, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 666–70,721
Tripartite Pact (1940) 326, 328, 332, 360, 444
Tripolitania 348
Trondheim 288
Troost, Paul Ludwig 37
Trott zu Solz, Adam von 225, 663, 665
‘Trustees of Labour’ (Treuhänder der Arbeit) 186–7
Tscherniakowski, General Ivan 738
Tübingen 139
Tunis 328, 539, 546, 554, 581, 584–5, 586
Tunisia 542
Turkey 194, 365, 603, 617, 645, 719, 723, 732
Tyrol 292, 836
U-boats: building of 284, 719; hopes for continuation of the U-boat war 800; H’s high expectations 448, 585, 618; losses 585, 717; ordered to sink American ships 445; successes in the Atlantic 416, 523, 554
Udet, General Ernst 372, 420
Uebelhoer, Friedrich 484
Uiberreither, Siegfried 698
Ukraine 172, 177, 238, 384, 401, 406, 408, 411, 413, 414, 415, 468, 491, 507, 521, 562, 565, 590, 603, 630; Jews 668; nationalists 158, 165
Ulex, General Wilhelm 247, 248
Ulm 733
‘Ultra’ code-breaker 379, 585
unemployment: in Britain and America 402–3; reduction in xl, 185, 434
United States: air-raids on German fuel plants 635; American Jewry 321, 477; and the Ardennes offensive 743, 744; armaments 502, 516–17; the atomic bomb 731; Congress 442; economic power 285; economy 402–3; enters the war after the Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 364, 442; first commitment of ground-troops to the war in Europe 539; Germany declares war (11 December 1941) 444–6, 486–7, 490; grant of fifty destroyers to Britain 310; isolationism 285; Jewish refugees in 146; a menacing presence in the wings 752; mighty resources 457; Normandy landings 640–41; and the race for Norway 288; relations with Japan 442–3; US soldiers greeted in Germany 788
University of Leipzig Children’s Clinic 259
Unruh, General Walter von 567
Upper Bavaria 701
Upper Franconia 181, 200
Upper Silesia 235, 238, 772, 784, 785
Urals 400, 403, 405, 448, 462, 591
Urbsys, Joseph 176
Ustasha Movement 366
Utah Beach 640
VI (Vergeltungswaffe-1 (Retaliation Weapon 1), flying-bombs 622, 641–3, 645
V2 rocket 622, 645, 731, 736, 746
Valencia 43
Vatican 604; and the Badoglio plot 596;
Concordat with the Reich (1933) 40
Veesenmaeyer, Edmund 628, 734, 735
Veldenstein, near Nuremberg 371
Venezuela 134
Verdun 540
Vereinigte Stahlwerke 19
Versailles Treaty (1919) xxxv–ix, 29, 38, 158, 163, 188, 224, 238, 265, 275, 668, 754
Viaz’ma 433
Vichy government 299, 328, 541
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 98, 216, 586, 595–6
Victoria, Queen 123
Viebahn, General Max von 78
Vienna 45, 58, 75, 80, 160, 198, 590; H’s sense of personal degradation xvi; H’s threat 61, 70; H’s triumph in 80–2; Jewish community 84–6, 131, 133, 318, 485; Jodl transferred to 159; lingering remnants of the German coup (1944) 683; and Linz 365; Nazi Party 81; population 65; Red Army advances on (April 1945) 791; ‘Reich Theatre Week’ 197; removal of Jews 351–2, 482, 488; taken by the Red Army 792
Vienna State Opera Orchestra 512–13
Vilna, Lithuania 398, 464, 650
Vinniza, Ukraine 617; see also Werewolf ‘Führer Headquarters’
Vistula river 238, 244, 319, 724, 725, 756, 757, 758, 769
Vitebsk 646, 647
Vogel, Sergeant-Major Werner 672
Vögler, Albert 19
Volga basin 402
Volga river 477, 527, 528, 529, 530, 534, 536, 547, 550
völkisch movement 250, 258, 382, 465, 466, 688; H on the völkisch state 237, 517; the press 551
Völkischer Beobachter 273, 632
Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz (Ethnic German Self-Protection) 231, 242–3
Volkssturm (people’s militia) 713, 714–15, 766, 800, 808, 811, 821
Volkswagen (‘People’s Car’) 400
Volkswagen factory, Fallersleben 197
Volkswehr (People’s Defence) 714
Vormann, Nikolaus von 215, 226–7
Voronezh 526, 528
Voé, Vice-Admiral 813, 815
Vyshinsky, Andrei 689
Waffen-SS 47, 381, 516, 583, 596–7, 758, 787
Wagner, Adolf 40, 138, 374, 425, 630
Wagner, General Eduard 243, 409, 433, 435, 687, 690
Wagner, Frau Josef 436
Wagner, Gerhard 42, 256
Wagner, Ganleiter Josef 436
Wagner, Richard 13, 15, 16, 198, 455, 500, 513, 634
Wagner, Ganleiter Robert 323
Wagner, Winifried 198, 821
Wagner family 33, 34, 198
Waldau, General Otto Hoffmann von 309
Walter, Bruno 512, 513
Wannsee, Berlin 671, 793
Wannsee Conference (1942) 148, 491–3
War Economy (Wehrwirtschaft) 225
War Economy Decree (4 December 1939) 274
Warburg 132
Warlimont, Major-General Walter 289, 307, 356, 359, 396, 592.
Warm Springs, Georgia 791
Warsaw 59, 166, 236, 240, 264, 295, 583, 589, 647, 725–6, 756, 757, 769, 837; Uprising 724–5, 735
Warthegau 239, 250–2, 316, 318, 319, 320, 428, 471, 475, 479, 480, 484, 485, 490, 758, 759, 769, 838
Weber, Christian 575–6
‘Weekend Crisis’ (20–22 May 1938) 99–100
Wehrmacht: and the Anschlué 75, 78; anti-Polish feeling 190; the assassination attempt (1944) 699; begins the spring offensive (8 May 1942) 514; Blomberg tells of H’s wishes (1938) 50; ‘Case Green’ 88; ‘Case White’ 179; conflict with the SS 465; conscription reintroduced (1935) xxxvii, 38, 83, 87; demand for raw materials 45; directive of 21
October 1938 163, 175; discredited and di
sbanded xviii; and the Einsatzgruppen 241, 461, 465; expenditure 161–2; field-marshals’ declaration of loyalty to H 628; and the German-Russian non-aggression pact 205; H addresses top military leaders (23 May 1939) 190–3; H praises 432, 740; H takes over 56–8; Haider’s ambition 452;
High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht; OKW) 94, 101, 102, 287, 289, 290, 357, 381, 398, 415, 417, 419, 422, 435, 514, 534, 568, 578, 591, 618, 638, 639, 649, 672, 681, 741, 742, 747, 799, 826, 834, 835; Operations Staff 600, 601, 669; H’s ‘Basic Order’ 290–1; H’s dominance 60, 97, 284; H’s proclamation of 11
March 1945 783; H’s three addresses (1939) 167–8; H’s war directive (18 December 1940) 335; incapable of blocking the Red Army’s advance (1945) 757; incompetent economic planning 502; intelligence 582; interests of 63; and Jewish skilled workers 486; lack of plans for the war 284; the last report (9 May 1945) 836; leadership weak and divided 94, 209; loss of men (1944) 717, 723; magnitude of task in ‘Barbarossa’ 411; manpower needs 563; meeting to discuss the Polish situation (22 August 1939) 207–9, 225; preparations for ‘Case X’ 43; pushed back along the southern front (October 1943) 602; reform 644–5, 708; reinforcements cut off 643; reports of desertions 703–4; and the Security Police 467; the soldierly duty of its highest leaders 102; the Stalingrad crisis 548; Operations Staff 362, 366, 396, 408, 410, 591, 837; treatment of Jews 246
Weichs, Field-Marshall Freiherr Maximilian von 248, 527, 529, 534, 537, 544
Weidling, General Helmuth 808, 809, 813, 815, 825, 826, 827, 832
Weimar Republic 657; collapse of xlii; euthanasia rejected 254; H attacks xli; and industrialists xxxviii; miseries and divisions of xl; outrages against the Jews xliii; unemployment and economic failure 28
Weié, Lieutenant-Colonel Rudolf 825
Weizsäcker, Ernst von 90, 91, 99, 105, 111, 116, 118, 119, 121, 170, 190, 195–6, 199, 212, 225, 226, 228, 262, 264, 266–9, 306, 329
Welczek, Johannes von 109
Wels 302
Weltanschauung 129
Wenck, General Walther 759, 802, 805, 806, 809–10, 811, 813–16, 820, 825, 826
Wenner-Gren, Axel 226
Werewolf ‘Führer Headquarters’, near Vinnitsa, Ukraine 527, 531, 572, 578, 587; crisis in relations with military leaders 531–3
Werwolf 790–91
Wesel 760
‘Weser Exercise’ (‘Weserübung’) 287–9
West Africa 329
West Prussia 242, 243, 245, 247
Westphalia 429, 430, 791
Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 41, 267
Westphalia-South 436
White Rose opposition-group 552, 663
White Russia 394, 463
Wiedemann, Fritz 32, 53, 88, 98, 105, 187
Wilhelm Gustloff (ship) 37
Wilhelm II, Kaiser 10, 202, 540
Wilhelmshaven 178, 504
Wilson, Sir Horace no, 116, 117–18, 121, 223
Winkelmann, SS-Obergruppenführer Otto 735
‘Winter Aid’ campaign 38, 55, 431, 535, 601
Winter Olympics (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936) 5
Wittenberg 810
Witzleben, Field-Marshal Erwin von 270, 676, 677, 690, 692
Wochensprüche (Weekly Maxims) 474
Wohltat, Helmut 226
Wolf, Hugo 500
Wolf, Johanna 798, 800
Wolff, Karl 149, 834
Wolf’s Lair (Wolfsschanze) ‘Führer
Headquarters’, near Rastenburg 395–8, 400, 407, 420, 437, 440, 441, 449, 455, 499, 524, 543, 578, 587, 591, 595, 600, 650, 651, 690; Antonescu talks 723; assassination attempt (20 July 1944) 651, 655–8, 671–5, 676; buoyant mood (1941) 433; communications centre 677; the daily routine 500; the deportation issue 479; and filmed executions 693; Guderian favours a retreat in Russia 454; H addresses Party leaders on the consequences of the assassination attempt 706–7; H broadcasts from 619–20; H leaves for good 741; H rarely leaves 420; H resists pressure to leave 738; H speaks on Jews 461, 487–90; headquarters moved to Werewolf, near Vinnitsa 527; H’s speech to Gauleiter 605–6; an important meeting (16 July 1941) 405–6; map room 527; security 623, 694; the Stalingrad crisis 548–9; talks with Ciano and Cavalero 546
Wriezen 782
Wuppertal-Barmen 587
Würzburg 761
Yalta Agreement 761, 778
Yorck von Wartenburg, Peter Graf 665, 666, 683, 690, 692
Yugoslav army 366
Yugoslavia: capitulation of 366; Friendship Treaty with Russia 365; German plans to attack 36z, 363; loss of Austrian territory to 73; military coup (1941) 360, 36z, 368; minerals 194; and the Tripartite Pact 360, 361–2
Zagreb 366
Zamosc district, Lublin 589
Zander, SS-Standartenführer Wilhelm 825
Zaporozhye 599, 602, 660
Zeitschel, SS-Sturmbannführer Carltheo 475
Zeitzier, Major-General Kurt 533, 534, 537, 543, 544, 548, 578–9, 580, 616, 617, 632, 646, 649–50, 665, 694
Zhukov, Marshal Georgi 394, 756, 759, 793, 809, 831, 836
Ziegenberg see Adlerhorst (Eagle’s Eyrie) Zionism, Eichmann’s Zionist contacts 134
Zitomir 394
Zoppot 236
Zossen 769, 793
Zuckmayer, Carl 85
Zwickau 514
Zyklon-B 483
CHAPTER 14: LUCK OF THE DEVIL
1. The most wide-ranging anthology of essays on resistance is Jürgen Schmädeke and Peter Steinbach (eds.), Der Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus, Munich/Zürich, 1985. Among the numerous guides through the labyrinth of the literature and moral debates on resistance are Gerd R. Ueberschär (ed.), Der zo.Juli 1944. Bewertung und Rezeption des deutschen Widerstandes gegen das NS-Regime, Cologne, 1994; Ulrich Heinemann, ‘Arbeit am Mythos. Neuere Literatur zum bürgerlich-aristokratischen Widerstand gegen Hitler und zum 2oJuli 1944 (Teil I)’, GG, 21 (1995), 111–39; and Ulrich Heinemann and Michael Krüger-Charlé, ‘Arbeit am Mythos. Der 2oJuli 1944 in Publizistik und wissenschaftlicher Literatur des Jubiläumsjahres 1994 (Teil II)’, GG, 23 (1997), 475–501. The most detailed and thoroughly researched description of the conspiracies against Hitler remains that of Hoffmann, Widerstand, on which this chapter frequently relies. A shorter, stylish account is that of Fest, Staatsstreich. Short descriptions of the personnel can be found in Peter Steinbach and Johannes Tuchel, Lexikon des Widerstandes 1933–1945. Munich, 1994. Problems of concepts and terminology, not entered into here, can be followed in the entries in Benz and Pehle; also in Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 4th edn, London, 2000, ch.8.
2. For reflections on the role of Prussian ideals – seen as a ‘determining motive (bestimmendes Motiv)’ within the resistance to Hitler – see Hans Mommsen, ‘Preußentum und Nationalsozialismus’, in Wolfgang Benz, Hans Buchheim, and Hans Mommsen (eds.), Der Nationalsozialismus. Studien zur Ideologie und Herrschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 1993, 29–41, here 37, 41.
3. The mixture of motives within the wartime conspiracy is briefly surveyed by Peter Hoffmann, ‘Motive’, in Schmädeke und Steinbach, 1089–96; and more extensively in Theodore S. Hamerow, On the Road to the Wolf’s Lair. German Resistance to Hitler, Cambridge, Mass./London, 1997. The moral dimension is assessed by Robert Weldon Whaley, Assassinating Hitler: Ethics and Resistance in Nazi Germany, London/Ontario, 1993. See also the compilation put together in the 1950s by Annedore Leber, Conscience in Revolt, London, 1957, and the more recent collection of texts: Peter Steinbach and Johannes Tuchel, Widerstand in Deutschland, Munich, 1994.
4. Joachim Kramarz, Claus Graf Stauffenberg. 15. November, 1907–20. Juli 1944: Das Leben eines Offiziers, Frankfurt am Main, 1965, 131; Hoffmann, Stauffenberg, 183.