This account of the war is based on Morris, 1948, including Plan D 121; also on Shindler, History; Pappe 336–41; Rogan; Nakhba personal account by Wasif. Wasif 2.603–5. War, Abd al-Kadir Husseini and breakdown: Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 59–77. Declaration of independence and choice of state names: Shindler, History 38–42; Ben-Gurion’s views 43–4 and 99–100; war and troop numbers 46. Arab Liberation Army, 5,000 troops maximum: Morris, 1948: 90; Jerusalem under Abd al-Kadir Husseini 91; civil war 93–132, including Plan D 122; Husseini poem and Kastel, mutilation of bodies at Kastel 121–5; Deir Yassin 126–8; 13 April attack on Hadassah ambulances 128–9; battle for Jerusalem 129–32. Bertha Spafford Vester and intervention in Arab ambush of Hadassah convoy: Bird 11. Abd al-Kadir Husseini, Deir Yassin and revenge and postcards of corpses, Plan D: Rogan 255–61. War 262–9 and the Catastrophe, Nakhba, origin of word Achcar 268–9. Katy Antonius mansion and letters found: Segev 480, 499. Bird 16 and 37–43. Battle of Jerusalem: Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion 164–70. Abd al-Kadir Husseini and brother Khaled: Pappe 334–5.
26 Unless stated otherwise, this account of the war is based on Morris, 1948; Rogan 262–9, Pappe 323–41; and Shindler, History 45–9. Regular war 1948–9, Abdullah: Abdullah bin Hussein, King of Jordan, Memoirs 142–203. Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 20–49. Storrs 135. Luke, Cities and Men 243 and 248. Abdullah: Lawrence 67–9, 219–21. On Abdullah character: Hussein bin Talal, King Hussein of Jordan, Uneasy Lies the Head 1–18. Rabin 16–27. John Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs, on Abdullah 50–5, 271–5; the battle 105–31; on Jerusalem 43–4, 213. Abdullah, ‘I want to be the rider’: Karsh, Palestine Betrayed 96. Burial of Hussein I in Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem 358. The account of Abdullah and negotiations is based on Avi Shlaim, The Collusion across the Jordon, and Benny Morris, The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews. Krämer 315–19. Destruction in Jewish Quarter: Elon, Jerusalem 81.
Assassination: author interview with witness N. Nashashibi. Hussein, Uneasy Lies the Head 1–9. Glubb, Soldier with the Arabs 275–9; Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 398–417. Pappe on assassination, and Musa al-Husseini 313 and 343–5. Nusseibeh, Country 62–75. Nashashibi 20–1, 215–20. Budeiri, ‘Chronicle of a Defeat Foretold’, JQ 3, Winter/Spring 2001. Split Jerusalem: Nusseibeh, Country 59–64; Jordanian city 64–94. Oz, Tale 369–70. Fall of Jerusalem: Begin 160. King of Jerusalem: Wasserstein 165; nobody takes Jerusalem 169; Nabi Musa 188; lions and zoo 182. Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 59–77. Weizmann, Swiss president, Weidenfeld Jerusalem campaign: Weidenfeld, Remembering My Good Friends 201–20. Author interviews with Lord Weidenfeld. Let Jews have Jerusalem: Churchill quoted by John Shuckburgh in Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews 292. Weizmann on dislike of Jerusalem as president: Weizmann 169. Battle of Jerusalem: Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion 164–70. Truman, ‘I am Cyrus’: Oren, Power 501.
27 King Hussein 1951–67. Succession and early reign: Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 49; PLO 218–27; war 235–51. Nigel Ashton, King Hussein of Jordan: A Political Life (henceforth Ashton) 13–26; war 113–20. Hussein, Uneasy Lies the Head 110. Mufti’s last visit March 1967; Pappe 346; Arafat, Mufti’s heir 337. Renovations of Dome etc.: Cresswell in OJ 415–21. Author interview with Princess Firyal of Jordan. Goldhill, City of Longing 38. Nusseibeh, Country 62–8; father’s career 72–5; rise of Arafat, Fatah 62–94. Budeiri, ‘Chronicle of a Defeat Foretold’, JQ 3, Winter/Spring 2001. Oz, Tale 70. Mandelbaum Gate – not gate not Mandelbaum, snipers, divided city/ population: Wasserstein 40, 180–2, 191–2, 200. Life in divided Jerusalem, Mandelbaum Gate, return of Katy Antonius, small town, Bertha Spafford Vester: Bird 10–11; Katy Antonius, dragon and flirt, café 16–20; quotation by Kai Bird on ‘jarring series of ad hoc fences’ 19; Mandelbaums 20–4; Russian émigré vs Soviet Churches and CIA payments 32, including Kai Bird quotation on Cold War in Jerusalem (as ardently as Berlin alleyways); Orient House hotel 33.
Nasser discusses Jerusalem: author interview with N. Nashashibi. Orthodox Jews: Yakov Lupo and Nitzan Chen, ‘The Ultra-Orthodox’, in O. Ahimeir and Y. Bar-Simon-Tov (eds), Forty Years in Jerusalem 65–95. Also: Yakov Loupo and Nitzan Chen, ‘The Jerusalem Area Ultra-Orthodox Population’, ms. Elon, Jerusalem 189–94. Ben-Gurion and Eichmann: interview with Yitzhak Yaacovy. Haram quiet, few Muslim visitors in 1950s: Oleg Grabar, Sacred Explanade 388. Hussein, PLO, United Kingdom plan: Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 133–53.
28 Six Day War: this is based on Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East; Tom Segev, 1967: Israel, the War and the Year that Transformed the Middle East; Shlaim, Lion of Jordan; Jeremy Bowen, Six Days: How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East; and Rogan 333–43, including Nasser–Amer conversation; and Nasser hope to claim victory without war, post-war Palestinian nationalism/Arafat 343–53. Nasser not Abdullah: Nashashibi 228. Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 235–51. Ashton 113–20. Dayan 287–381. Gilbert, JTC 272–97. Dayan personality: Shindler, History 101. On Dayan: author conversation with Shimon Peres. Michael Bar-Zohar, Shimon Peres: A Biography 87–90. Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion on Dayan’s sex life 118–19. Dayan character: Ariel Sharon, Warrior 76, 127, 222.
29 Wall liberated: Dayan 13–17. On Dayan: author conversation with Shimon Peres. Ashton 118–20, Shlaim, Lion of Jordon 248–51 and 258. Hussein weeps for city: Noor, Queen of Jordan, Leap of Faith, 75–7.
EPILOGUE
1 1967–present: population Wasserstein 212, 328–38; peace plans 345; white flight of secular Jews, falling proportion of Jews from 74 per cent in 1967 to 68 per cent in 2000. Forty peace plans for Jerusalem: Shlaim, Israel and Palestine 229, also 25–36; on Jerusalem 253–60. Population in 2000 including 140,000 Orthodox Jews: Loupo and Chen, ‘Ultra-Orthodox’, Ahimeir and Bar-Simon-Tov, Forty Years in Jerusalem 65–95. Population 2008: figures based on Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. After 1967 and Resolution 339 Rogan 242. ‘Jerusalem’s Settlements’, The Economist 3 July 2010 ‘Jerusalem Mayor Handing City to Settlers’ Haaretz,22 February 2010 and ‘Jerusalem Master Plan’, Haaretz, 28 June 2010. Jerusalem Syndrome: Yair Bar-El et al., British Journal of Psychiatry 176 (2000) 86–90.
2 This cursory account of the political developments since 1967 is based, unless otherwise stated, on: Krämer; Rogan; Shindler, History. Arafat and Fatah: Rogan 343–53; Hussein recognition of PLO to West Bank 378; First Intifada, Hamas and Nusseibeh and Faisal Husseini roles 429–37 and 465–7; Netanyahu settlements 476; Second Intifada 478–9. PLO years: Achcar 211–31. Pappe: Arafat 337 and 351 (Husseini connection); Faisal al-Husseini 348–9. On ideology of settlement of Jerusalem and West Bank: Ariel Sharon, Warrior 354–72; ‘how to secure Jerusalem as permanent capital of the Jewish people … to create an outer ring of development around Arab neighbourhoods’ 359; ‘flow of pioneering nationalism’ 364. On Menachem Begin and redemptionist/maximalist Judaism: Shindler, History 147–50. On peace talks: Shlomo Ben-Ami, Scars of War, Wounds of Peace, on Sadat and Begin 146–71; the Oslo talks and Arafat on Jerusalem 247–84. In my conclusion, I have been greatly helped by the following outstanding works on history, nationalism and cities: Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand, Ottoman Jerusalem: Living City 1517–1917; Philip Mansel, Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean; Mark Mazower, Salonica: City of Ghosts; Adam LeBor, City of Oranges: Jews and Arabs in Jaffa. Palestinian portraits written with reference to: Hadi, Palestinian Personalities. Modern Russian links to Jerusalem: ‘Where Pity Meets Power’, The Economist 19 December 2009. Archaeology: see Raphael Greenberg, ‘Extreme Exposure: Archaeology in Jerusalem 1967–2007’, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2009, vol. 11, 3–4, 262–81.
Islamic, Christian and Jewish fundamentalism: On American millennial speculation about Armageddon; Sarah Palin, Pentecostalists’ view on Second Coming; Latter Rain prophecies; America as new Jerusalem: Sarah Curtis, ‘Sarah Palin’s Jerusalem and Pentecostal faith’, Colloquy Text Theory Critique 17 (2009) 70–82. Numbers 19, modern apocalyptic expectations. Lawrence Wright, ‘Letter from Jerusalem: Forcing the End’, New Yorker 20 Ju
ly 1998. Marwan Mosque vs Temple Tunnel, Temple Institute parallel to Northern Islamic Movement, plan to bury Arafat on Haram: Benjamin Z. Kedar and Oleg Grabar, ‘Epilogue’, in Sacred Esplanade 379–88. Islamicism, Hamas Charter, Protocols: Achcar 233–40. Protocols of Elders of Zion: Aaronovitch, Voodoo Histories 22–48, including Hamas Charter. On Palestinian denial of Jewish heritage: Ben-Ami 247–84; ‘PA study claims Kotel was never part of Temple Mount, Jerusalem Post, 23 November 2010.
On challenges of the division of Jerusalem in one or two states: Michael Dumper, ‘Two State Plus: Jerusalem and the Binational Debate’, JQ 39, Autumn 2009. Sari Nusseibeh, ‘Haram al-Sharif’, in Sacred Esplanade 367–73. Sepulchre: Nusseibeh, Country 72. Religions ignore each other: Ethan Bronner, ‘Jews and Muslims Share Holy Season in Jerusalem’, New York Times 28 September 2008. Quotations from author’s conversations/with Shimon Peres, Amos Oz, Rabbi S. Rabinowitz, Wajeeh al-Nusseibeh, Aded al-Judeh, Adeb al-Ansari and Naji Qazaz.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Jerusalem literature is vast and this bibliography is not exhaustive but lists the main sources used in the book.
The Authorized Version of the Bible and the New Translation of the Koran by M. A. S. Abdel Haleem (Oxford 2004) are used throughout.
JOURNALS
Al-Fajr al-Adabi
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
Associated Christian Press
Biblical Archaeologist
Biblical Archaeology Review
British Journal of Psychiatry
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites
Crusades
Eastern Christian Art
The Economist
English Historical Review
Graeco-Arabia
History Today
Israel Exploration Journal
Jerusalem Quarterly (Institute of Jerusalem Studies, al-Quds University) (JQ)
Jewish Chronicle, London
Jewish Quarterly
Journal of Asian and African Studies
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (JRAS)
Liber Annuus (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem)
Middle Eastern Studies
New York Times
The New Yorker
Palestine Exploration Fund Annual
Palestine Exploration Quarterly
Pravoslavny Palomnik
Revue des Etudes Juives
Saudi Aramco World
Standpoint
Tadias Magazine
The Times, London
ARTICLES
Abu Zaida, Sufian, ‘“A Miserable Provincial Town”: The Zionist Approach to Jerusalem 1897–1937’, JQ 32, Autumn 2007
Anon., ‘Where Piety Meets Power (Russia in Jerusalem)’, Economist 19 December 2009
Ayele, Negussay, ‘Deir Sultan, Ethiopia and the Black World’, Tadias Magazine August 2008
Bar-El, Yair et al, ‘Jerusalem Syndrome’, British Journal of Psychiatry 176 (2000)
Bronner, Ethan, ‘Jews and Muslims Share Holy Season in Jerusalem’, New York Times 28 September 2008
Budeiri, Musa, ‘A Chronicle of a Defeat Foretold: The Battle for Jerusalem in the Memoirs of Anwar Nusseibeh’, JQ 3, Winter/Spring 2001
Conybeare, F., ‘Antiochus Strategos: Account of the Sack of Jerusalem’, English Historical Review 25 (1910) 502–16
Curtis, Sarah, ‘Sarah Palin’s Jerusalem and Pentecostal Faith: A Hysteric Symptom of American Utopianism’, Colloquy Text Theory Critique 17 (209)
Der Matossian, Bedross, ‘The Young Turk Revolution: Its Impact on Religious Politics of Jerusalem (1908–1912)’, JQ 40, Winter 2009
Dixon, Simon, ‘A Stunted International: Russian Orthodoxy in the Holy Land in the 19th Century’, unpublished ms, January 2009
Dorfmann-Lazarev, Igor, ‘Historical Itinerary of the Armenian People in Light of its Biblical Memory’, unpublished ms, 2009
Dumper, Michael, ‘Two State Plus: Jerusalem and the Binational Debate’, JQ 39, Autumn 2009
Gilboa, Ayelet and Sharon, Ilan, ‘An Archaeological Contribution to the Early Iron Age Chronological Debate: Alternative Chronologies for Phoenicia and their Effects on the Levant, Cyprus and Greece,’ Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 332, November 2003
Glass, Joseph B. and Kark, Ruth, ‘Sarah la Preta: A Slave in Jerusalem’, JQ 34, Spring 2009
Gonen, Rivka, ‘Was the Site of the Jerusalem Temple Originally a Cemetery?’, Biblical Archaeology Review May–June 1985
Greenberg, Raphael, ‘Extreme Exposure: Archaeology in Jerusalem, 1967–2007’, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, vol 11, no. 3–4, 2009
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Hintlian, George, ‘Armenians of Jerusalem’, JQ 2, Autumn 1998
Housley, Norman, ‘Saladin’s Triumph over the Crusader States: The Battle of Hattin, 1187’, History Today 37 (1987)
Ji, C. C., ‘A New Look at the Tobiads in Iraq al-Amir;, Liber Annuus 48 (1998) 417–40
Al-Jubeh, Nazmi, ‘The Khalidiyah Library’, JQ 3, Winter 1999
Kark, Ruth and Glass, Joseph B., ‘The Valero Family: Sephardi–Arab Relations in Ottoman and Mandatory Jerusalem’, JQ 21, August 2004
Kedar, Benjamin Z., ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of 1099 in the Western Historiography of the Crusades’, Crusades 3 (2004) 15–75
Loupo, Yakov and Chen, Nitzan, ‘The Jerusalem Area Ultra-Orthodox Population’, unpublished ms
Lutfi, Huda, ‘Al-Quds Al-Mamelukiyya: A History of Mamluk Jerusalem Based on the Haram Documents’, JQ 2, Autumn 1998
Manna, Adel, ‘Yusuf Diyaddin al-Khalidi’, Al-Fajr al-Adabi 35–6 (1983)
Manna, Adel, ‘Scholars and Notables Tracing the Effendiya’s Hold on Power in 18th Century Jerusalem’, JQ 32, Autumn 2007
Manna, Adel, ‘Between Jerusalem and Damascus: The End of Ottoman Rule as Seen by a Palestinian Modernist’, JQ 22–23, Autumn/Winter 2005
Mazza, Roberto, ‘Antonio de la Cierva y Lewita: Spanish Consul in Jerusalem 1914–1920’, and ‘Dining Out in Times of War’, JQ 40, Winter 2009, and 41, Spring 2010
Meuwese, Martine, ‘Representations of Jerusalem on Medieval Maps and Miniatures’, Eastern Christian Art 2 (2005) 139–48
Mouradian, Clare, ‘Les Chrétiens: Un enjeu pour les Puissances’, in Catherine Nicault (ed.), Jérusalem, 1850–1948: Des Ottomans aux Anglais, entre coexistence spirituelle et déchirure politique, Paris, 1999, pp. 177–204
Al-Natsheh, Yusuf Said, ‘Uninventing the Bab al-Khalil Tombs: Between the Magicof Legend and Historical Fact’, JQ 22–23, Autumn/Winter 2005
Pappe, Ilan, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Husaynis’, Part 1, JQ 10, Autumn 2000
Pappe, Ilan, ‘The Husayni Family Faces New Challenges: Tanzimat, Young Turks, the Europeans and Zionism, 1840–1922’, Part 2, JQ 11–12, Winter 2001
Pappe, Ilan, ‘Haj Amin and the Buraq Revolt’, JQ 18, June 2003
Peters, F. E., ‘Who Built the Dome of the Rock?’, Graeco-Arabia 2 (1983)
Reich, Ronny, ‘The Roman Destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus’ Account and Archaeological Record’, in Gerd Theissen et al. (eds), Jerusalem und die Laäder, Göttingen 2009
Reich, Ronny, Shukron, Eli and Lernau, Omri, ‘Recent Discoveries in the City of David, Jerusalem: Findings from the Iron Age II Rock-Cut Pool Near the Spring’, Israel Exploration Journal 57/2 (2007)
Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ‘The Death and Burial of Latin Christian Pilgrims to Jerusalem and Acre, 1099–1291’, Crusades 7 (2008)
Robson, Laura C., ‘Archeology and Mission: The British Presence in Nineteenth-Century Jerusalem’, JQ 40, Winter 2009
Rood, Judith M., ‘The Time the Peasants Entered Jerusalem: The Revolt against Ibrahim Pasha in the IslamicCourt Sources’, JQ 27, Summer 2006
Rood, Judith M., ‘Intercommunal Relations in Jerusalem during Egyptian Rule’, Part
s 1 and 2, JQ 32, Autumn 2007, and 34, Spring 2009
Rozen, Minna, ‘The Naqib al-Ashraf Rebellion in Jerusalem and its Repercussions on the City’s Dhimmis’, Journal of Asian and African Studies 18/2, November 1984, 249–70
Rozen, Minna and Witztum, Eliezer, ‘The Dark Mirror of the Soul: Dreams of a Jewish