Abdullah II, King of Jordan, 492, 513
Abdullah, Saud, K, see Saud
Abdullah Pasha, 323
Abdulmecid, Sultan, 330, 348
Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of, 334
Abibaal, King of Tyre, 25
Abishag, 25
Aboukir Bay, Battle of, 312
Abraham, 16, 27n, 39n, 45n, 86, 152n and Islam, 170, 182, 185
Abraham’s Vineyard, 335
Absalom, 23–4
Absalom’s Pillar, 24n, 195
Abu al-Abbas, Caliph, see al-Saffah Abu Bakr, 171–2
Abu Dis, 507
Abu Ghosh, 308–9, 346, 363
Abu Muslim, 187–8
Abu Saad, 200n
Abu Sulayman Dawud, 243
Abu Ubayda, 172, 404
Abyssinia, 453n
Achcar, Gilbert, 435, 455n
Acra fortress, 62, 65–7
Acre, 310–11, 315, 322, 456
Crusader siege, 255–8
and Crusaders, 209, 213n, 216–17, 227, 233, 236, 239, 243, 249, 255–8, 263, 265n, 267, 269–70
and Mamluk conquest, 277–8, 279
Napoleonic siege, 316–17
see also Ptolemais
Actian Games, 83
Actium, Battle of, 81, 88
Adam, 17, 27n, 152n, 170, 182, 185
Adams, John, President, 337, 374
Adelaide, Queen of Jerusalem, 217–18
Adhemar of Le Puy, Bishop, 210–11
Adiabene, Helena, Queen of, see Helena
Adonijah, 25
Adonizedek, King, 18
Aegean Sea, 15, 18
Aelia Capitolina, 134–5, 137–8, 140, 145–7
Afdal, Sultan, 247–8, 264, 437, 502
Afdaliyya Madrassa, 264
Afghanistan, 54, 161, 187, 406
Agnes, Queen Mother, 237, 243–4
Agrippina, Empress, 116, 120
Ahab, King, 31–2
Ahaz, King, 33–4
al-Ahd, 403
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 48n Ahmed Duzhdar Aga, 351
Ahmet Jazzar Pasha, the Butcher, see Jazzar, Pasha, Ahmet
Aibeg, Sultan, 272n
Aisha, 171
Akeldama, 109, 227, 389
Akhenaten, pharaoh, 14, 15n
Akhmon, Arik, 494
Akiba, Rabbi, 135–6
Alami family, 360, 446
Musa al-Alami, 447
Sheikh al-Alami, 255n
Alamut, 203n
Alapaesk, 444n
Alaska, 382n
Alchelai, Rabbi Yehuda Hai, 374
Aleppo, 220, 234, 254, 264, 271n, 276, 291, 303, 405, 416n
Alexander the Great, 52–5, 57, 72, 82n, 106n, 133
Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 340
Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 347, 350n, 353, 368
Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 368–9
Alexander Jannaeus, King, 69–70, 71n, 106n, 233n
Alexander, Prince, 88–9, 93n
Alexander, Michael Solomon, 334
St Alexander Nevsky Church, 135n, 147n, 369, 386
Alexandra, 79–81, 83
Alexandra, Empress of Russia, 369, 386n, 387n, 444n
Alexandria, 54–6, 60, 62, 74, 76–7, 81–2, 122, 124, 126, 144–5, 164, 239, 281, 333
Alexandrium fortress, 81, 89
Alexei, Tsarevich, 385
Alexios, Emperor, 209
Ali (Caliph), 178, 180, 187–8, 194
Ali, King, 432n
Ali Bey, 310
Aliyah, 369–70, 375, 383
Allenby, General Sir Edmund, 1st Viscount, 355n, 408–9, 414–21, 425–6, 486n, 496
Allenby Barracks, 463
Almohads, 240
al-Qaeda, 447
Alter family, 486n
Alypius, 150
Amaury, King of Jerusalem, 237–43, 249, 256n, 265
Amaury of Lusignan, King of Cyprus, 165n
Amel-Marduk, King of Babylon, 45–6
al-Amer, Field Marshal Abdel-Hakim, 492–5, 492, 495
American Colony, 365–6, 408n, 417–18, 473, 488, 496, 506
American evangelists, 336–9
Amman, 475, 478, 485, 487, 493
Ammunition Hill, 496
Amnon, 23–4, 56n
Amr ibn al-As, 173, 177, 179n
Amra, 185
Amsterdam, 302
Anabaptists, 297
Ananias, 70n
Ananus, 119, 123–5
Anatolia, 55, 209, 234, 277, 284, 396, 405n
Andrew, Princess, of Greece, 454n
Andrews, Lewis, 449
Andronikos Komnenos, Emperor, 238
Anglo-American Commission, 464
Angola, 382n
Anilaeus, 101n
Ankara, 459n
Annas (high priest), 103–4, 119, 124
St Anne’s church and monastery, 217, 228, 255n, 286, 348, 397
Ansari family, 519
Sheikh Abd al-Salam al-Ansari, 213
Adeb al-Ansari, 519
Sheikh Khalil al-Ansari, 391
Antebi, Albert, 384
Antigonos, ‘One-Eyed’, King, 54
Antigonos, King, 75–8, 88n
Antinopolis, 135
Antinous, 134–5
Antipater, 71–2, 74–5, 88–90, 92–3
Antioch, 60–1, 63, 65, 67, 118, 123–4, 144, 161, 277
and Crusaders, 204, 209–10, 215, 217, 219, 223–4, 234, 236, 238, 256
Antiochus III the Great, King, 57–8, 60
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King, 60–5, 72, 91n, 106n, 135
Antiochus VII Sidetes, King, 68
anti-Semitism (the word), 368n
Antonia, 111, 114
Antonia fortress, 1, 4, 6, 78, 82–4, 86, 90, 101, 106n, 118, 120, 122, 134, 179, 344n
Antoninus Pius, Emperor, 138, 184n
Antonius Felix, see Felix
Antonius, George, 443, 445, 447, 464
Antonius, Katy, 443, 464–7, 469–70, 488
Apocalypse, xix, 4, 44, 62, 86n, 132, 165, 170, 187, 197
Jesus Christ and, 97–8, 102–3, 106
Appian, 133, 136
Aqaba, 407–8, 419, 425
Aquileia, 89
al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade
al-Aqsa Mosque, 184–5, 187–8, 200, 395, 485
and Arab Revolt, 448
and Buraq Uprising, 437–8
and Crusaders (Temple of Solomon), 212–13, 217, 219, 221, 227, 229, 235, 269–70
daily rituals, 519–20
fire, 502
and Israeli war, 477
and King Abdullah’s assassination, 481–2
and Mamluk sultanate, 276, 280, 287
and Marwan Mosque, 506
negotiations and access, 502–3, 506–7, 510, 513, 516
Nur al-Din’s minbar, 237, 254, 269, 502
and Ottoman sultanate, 291–2, 299n, 304–5
and Six Day War, 495
Arab Club, 422
Arab Higher Committee, 467–8, 473
Arab Investigation Centres, 450
Arab League, 469, 471, 477, 481, 504
Arab Legion, 279n, 454, 472, 477–9, 484–6
Arab Liberation Army, 469, 478
Arab Revolt, 402–9, 415, 443n, 478, 482
under Grand Mufti, 448–54, 459, 463
Arabic learning and science, 190n, 203n
Arafat, Yasser, 469, 477, 491, 503–10, 515, 517, 518n
Aram-Damascus, 33
Araq e-Emir, 62n
Araunah the Jebusite, 24, 27n
archaeology, 354–6, 390, 393, 502, 504, 509, 511n
Arculf, Bishop, 179
Arda, Queen of Jerusalem, 217
Aref, Abdel-Rahman, President, 494
Aretas, King of Nabataea, 71
Aretas IV, King of Nabataea, 95, 98
Argentina, 376, 382, 485
Argyll, John Campbell, 9th Duke of, 354
Aristobulos, King, 69
Aristobulos II,
King, 70–2, 76n
Aristobulos, Prince, 88, 95–6, 111
Aristotle, 190n
Arius, 144–5, 148
Ark of the Covenant, 7, 17–18, 22, 24, 27, 44, 157n, 376
and Parker fiasco, 389–93
Armageddon, 41
Armenia, 81, 96n, 131n, 156n, 163–4, 405n
Armenian Chapel of St Helena, 140n
Armenian Monastery, 287n, 324, 352n, 496
Armenian Quarter, 103n, 119n, 132, 285, 497, 510
Armenians, 255, 285, 287n, 296, 352n, 359, 415, 518–19
genocide, 398, 400, 408, 416n
and religious conflict, 298–9, 320, 348, 488
Arnold, Bishop of Bamberg, 201
Arnulf, Patriarch, 214
Arp Arslan, Sultan, 201–3
Arsuf, 259
Artas, 399
Artaxerxes I, King of Persia, 51, 337n
Arthur, King, 65n
Ashdod, 65
Asherah, 38
Ashkelon, 18, 56, 67, 214, 220, 236, 238, 243, 249, 255, 260
Ashkenaz, 298
Ashkenazi Jews, 20, 191n, 298, 308, 330, 443
Ashraf, 180n
Ashrafiyya madrassa, 287
Asinaeus, 101n
Asmahan, 457–9
Asquith, Herbert, 1st Earl of Asquith and Oxford 411, 413
Assassins, 203n, 260n
Assyrians, 31, 33–9, 48
Astyges, King of Media, 47
Athaliah, Queen of Jerusalem, 31–2, 233n
Athens, 60, 150
Atlas mountains, 57n
al-Atrash, Amal, see ‘Asmahan’
Atsiz ibn Awak al-Khwarazmi, 202–3
Attila the Hun, 157
Attlee, Clement, 1st Earl, 462, 464, 467
Augusta Victoria fortress, 379n, 390, 395, 408, 417, 431, 433, 479, 484n, 496
Augustus, Emperor (Octavian), 75, 77, 81–4, 88–90, 92–3, 113, 133, 160
Auschwitz, 408n, 487
Austin, Willie, 322
Australians, 421, 456–7
Austrian Hospice, 356, 429, 485
Avars, 164
Avigad, Nahman, 106n, 159n
Azekah, 42n
Azerbaijan, 163
Aziz, Caliph, 194, 197
Aziz, Sultan, 264
Azizus, King of Emesa, 116
Azmey Pasha, 390
Azouri, Najib, 385
Baal, 31–3, 38, 39n
Baal Shem Tov, 359n
Bab al-Qattanin, see Gate of the Cotton Merchants
Bab al-Silsila, see Gate of the Chain
Bab el-Ghawanmeh, 519
Babylon, 14, 22, 27n, 35–6, 39, 41–3, 44n, 45–7, 49, 54, 57n, 60, 101n, 370, 501
Babylonian Chronicles, 39
Babylonians, 1, 34n, 39, 41–6, 48
Baedeker, Karl, 358, 360, 385
Baghdad, 172n, 188, 193–5, 202, 203n, 207n, 215, 272, 282, 449
Jewish population, 48n, 240n, 352n
and Ottoman sultanate, 291–2
Bahat, Dan, 506n
Baibars, Sultan, 271–2, 275–7, 292n, 361
Bairam Pasha, 297
Bakaa, 443
al-Baladhuri, 172n
Balak, 220
Balaklava Railway, 348
Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, 210, 215–18
Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 218–21, 224, 229n
Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem, 221, 233, 235–8
Baldwin IV, King of Jerusalem, 242–5
Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem, 245–6, 320n
Balfour, Arthur, 1st Earl of, xxv, 381, 409–10, 412–15, 428, 431, 440–1
Balfour Declaration, 414–15, 422–4, 427–9, 431, 437–9, 453, 456
Balian of Ibelin, 245, 247, 249–50, 253–4
Balkans, 291, 341, 361, 395
Ballin, Albert, 376
Ballobar, Count Antonio de, 396–8, 400, 416–17
Balsam of Gilead, 79n
bar Kochba, Simon, 135–7, 163, 383
Barabbas, 102, 105
Barak, Ehud, 506–7, 512–13
Barcelona, 279
Barclay’s Gate, 354n
Bardawil lagoons, 218
Baris fortress, 54, 69n, 78
Barka Khan, 271, 361n
Barkat, Nir, 511
Barker, General Evelyn ‘Bubbles’, 462, 464, 466–7
Barsbay, Sultan, 286
Barsoma of Nisibis, 153–5
Bartholomew, Peter, 209
Barton, General, 422
Basle, 375, 380n
Basra, 196
Bathsheba, 23, 25
Bathsheba’s Pool, 363
Battle of the Milvian Bridge, 143
Battle of the Pyramids, 312
Bay of Issus, 163
bayah, 178
Bayley, Lieutenant-Colonel, 418
Bayt Nuba, 260
Beautiful Gate, 101–2n, 109, 165n, 264
Becket, Thomas, 228n
Beersheba, 414
Begin, Menachem, 458–62, 465–7, 472, 480, 493, 496, 504–5, 508
Behustan mountains, 161
Beilin, Yossi, 504–5
Beirut, 9, 89, 216, 225, 238, 338, 347, 405, 458, 505
and Parker fiasco, 391–2
Russian assault, 310, 316n
and Three Pashas, 397–8, 416n
Beit Jala, 197n
Belisarius, General, 130n, 159
Bell, Gertrude, 404
Belshazzar, 45–7
Belzers, 484n
ben Sira, Jesus, 58, 199n
ben Zakkai, Rabbi Yohanan, 132
ben Zakkai Synagogue, 330
Ben-Gurion, David (David Grün), 398, 415, 430–1, 439, 443n, 484, 490, 503n
and Deir Yassin massacre, 469
and Israeli state, 445–6, 450, 453, 458–62, 465, 467–70, 474–7, 479–80, 502
origins, 381–3
and premiership, 481, 492
and Suez crisis, 490
Benjamin, 164
Benjamin of Tudela, 24n, 240n
Berekhah, Rabbi, 153
Berenice, Queen of Chalcis, 5–6, 9, 116, 119, 121–3, 126, 129, 131
Berlin, 398, 414, 416n, 443, 454–5, 461, 486
Bernadotte, Count Folke, 480–3
Betar, 137
Betar youth organization, 430, 437–8, 461
Bethany, 227–8