Bethel, 17n, 30
Bethesda Pool, 37, 72, 100, 228
Bethlehem, 91, 94, 155, 399
Church of the Nativity, 216, 342
and Crusades, 208, 210, 268
Beth-Zacharia, 65
Beth-Zur, 67
Bevin, Ernest, 462
Bible, xviii, xx, xxiv, 10, 13, 21–3, 25–6, 28–9, 31–2n, 35, 40, 45, 477
Aleppo Codex, 100n, 213
and archaeology, 354–5
Authorized Version, 300
the Gospels, 10, 91, 97, 99, 102, 105, 108, 144
inconsistencies in, 16n
Latin translation, 152
Masoretic, 100n
New Testament, 117, 121
Old Testament, 19, 55n, 69, 100n
Orde Wingate and, 451–2
Pentateuch, 15–16, 45n
and Protestantism, 297, 300–1, 331
St Petersburg Codex, 100n
Septuagint, 55, 100n
and Zionism, 412
Bible, books of
Acts of the Apostles, 109n, 114–15
Chronicles, 30, 152n
Daniel, 44, 45n, 63n, 97
Deuteronomy, 40, 82, 114
Ezekiel, 388
Exodus, 17, 39n
Genesis, 16, 39n, 298
Isaiah, 33, 97, 100
Jeremiah, 41n
Judges, 17n, 18
Kings, 22, 30, 32, 37n
Lamentations, 43
Numbers, 40n, 86n, 135
Psalms, 19, 43–5, 102, 107, 156n, 426
Revelation, 121, 133, 213n, 366
St John, 91–2n, 98, 103, 109n
St Luke, 91, 93, 96, 99n, 102, 105, 108, 109n
St Mark, 96n, 99n, 102, 105, 109n
St Matthew, 91, 96n, 99, 105, 109
Samuel, 22
Thessalonians, 118
Biblical Zoo, 483
Bird, Eugene, 488–9
Bird, Kai, 489
Birobidzhan, 440n, 463
Bishop Gobat’s School, 449
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 362, 377
Black Hand cell, 447
Black Hundreds, 383
Black Letter, 439
Black Obelisk, 32n
Black Sabbath, 465
Black Sea, 163, 191n
Black September, 502
Black Sunday, 450
Blake, William, 45, 321n, 462
Bliss, Frederick, 390
blood libel, 333, 336, 351, 374
Boer War, 355n
Bohemond, Prince of Antioch, 210, 215, 244
Bokharan Quarter, 375, 444
Bologna, 238
Bols, Major-General Sir Louis J., 431
Bombay, 444n
Book of the Glory of Kings, 157n
Book of Zerubabbel, 163
Book of Zohar, 298
Bordeaux pilgrim, 147–9, 152n
Bosnia, 315n, 318
Bosphorus, 144
Bosra, 169
Boston, 337
Boston Herald, 441
Bradford, William, 301
Brandeis, Louis, 428
Breslavers, 486n
Brest-Litovsk, 461
Bridges, Robert, 321n
Brindisi, 266, 269
Britain
British Jews, 257, 277n, 301–2, 350
and conversion of Jews, 330–5
Roman, 124, 136, 150
and state of Israel, 467
and Suez crisis, 490
and Zionism, xxv, 380–1, 409–15, 423–4, 431, 443, 466
Britannicus, Tiberius Claudius, 116n
British Military Cemetery, 434
Bronner, Ethan, 510
Bronze Age, 13
Brooke, Rupert, 419
Brothers, Richard, 322–3
Brutus, Marcus Junius, 75
Bubastis, 31
Buchan, John, 404
Bulgaria, 361
bullae, 32, 41n, 43
Burma, 453n
‘Burma Road’, 480
Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron, 37
Byzantium, 144
Caecina, 131
Caesar, Gaius Julius, 72–5, 131, 134n
Caesarea, 82, 93, 99n, 100, 115, 119, 121, 140, 164, 209, 216
Caesarea Maritima, 9
Caesarea Philippi, 9, 116
Caesarion, 74, 81, 82n
Café Jawhariyyeh, 444
Caiaphas (high priest), 99n, 100, 103–4, 108, 110
Cairo, 207n, 271, 272n, 302–3, 305, 316n, 436, 438, 469, 480, 491n, 493
Albanian conquest, 326
and British rule, 402–4, 408
and caliphs, 192, 194–6, 198–200, 215
and Fatimid Egypt, 239–40
and Mamluk sultanate, 278, 283–5, 287
Oriental Stores, 423
and Saladin, 243, 251
and Sultan Baibars, 275, 277
Cairo Geniza, 199n
Cairo University, 449
Calcutta, 450
Calhoun, John, 336
Caligula, Emperor, 60, 82n, 111–14, 116
caliphs, 172n, 184, 433
Callirhoe, 90
Calvary, 106n, 285
Cambrai, 239n
Cambyses II, King, 49
camels, 16n, 344, 407
Camp David, 506
du Camp, Maxime, 345, 347
Canaanites, 14, 16, 18, 39n
Canada, 466n
Cappadocia, 88n
Capri, 98, 111–12
Caracalla, Emperor, 138
Carchemish, 41
Cardo, 135n, 147, 160, 226, 501
Carnegie, Mrs Andrew, 423
Caroline of Brunswick, Princess, 321–3
Carrhae, Battle of, 76n
Carter, Jimmy, President, 503
Carthage, 60, 130n, 159
Carthaginians, 39n, 106n
Cartwright, Ebenezer, 301
Cassius Longinus, Gaius, 74
Cassius Dio, 135n, 136–7
Castile, 298
de Castro, Abraham, 294
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, 310, 311n, 315n, 317, 340
Cathisma Church, 176, 201
Catholic Church, 157, 189, 208
and religious conflict, 201, 296, 299–300, 331, 339, 341, 343, 424, 485, 517
Cave of Hira, 169
Cecil, Lord Robert, 414
Celebi, Evliya, see Evliya
Cervantes, Miguel de, 446
Chabon, Michael, 382n
Chamberlain, Joseph, 380
Chamberlain, Neville, 452–3
Chancellor, Sir John, 437–8, 443
Chapel of the Apparition, 520–3
Chapel of the Hill of Calvary, 236
Chapman, Thomas, 404
chariots, 26, 28
Charlemagne, Emperor, 65n, 189, 229n, 267, 343, 355, 379n
Charles V, Emperor, 294n, 295
Charles I, King, 300–1
Charles of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, 278n
Charles, Prince of Wales, 505
chastity, 144–5
Chateaubriand, Francois-René, Vicomte de, xxiv, 319–21
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 285
child sacrifice, 39
China, 185, 284, 365
Chindits, 453n
Christ Church, 334
Christian Quarter, 189, 201, 364, 507
Christianity, 10, 34, 48n, 55, 63n, 109, 117, 139
Great Schism, 201
hierarchy and divisions in, 144
and Judaism, 110, 118, 140
Roman adoption of, 143–5, 150–1
and suppression of Jews, 148–50
Christians, early, 114–19, 121, 132–4, 136, 138–40
Christology, 144, 156–7
Chronicon Paschale, 135n
church bells, 196, 214, 255, 330
Church of Holy Archangels, 103n
Church of Mary Magdalene, 368, 386, 444n, 455n, 489
Church of Our Lady of Jehoshaphat, 228
Church of the Dormition, 379n, 492
/>
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, xxi, 106n, 108, 149, 197, 303, 400, 420, 456, 485, 510
and Arab conquests, 173, 175–6, 178, 182–3, 189–92, 194
construction by Empress Helena, 147
and Crusaders, 208, 212–15, 217, 221, 225, 227–8, 233, 235, 243, 250, 260, 269
daily rituals, 518–20
and Descent of the Holy Fire, 198, 228, 230, 300, 305, 328, 348, 361, 367, 388, 518
destruction by fire, 320
Fatimid destruction, 199–200
the Holy Sepulchre, 134, 152, 165, 175, 177n, 178, 185, 189–92, 194
and international visitors, 320, 328, 341, 345–6, 348, 353, 367–8, 378
and Islamic sultanate, 254–5, 260, 263
last Crusader grave, 422n
latrines, 310
and Mamluk sultanate, 281, 285–7
model of, 160
and Mongol raids, 277
and Napoleonic invasion, 316, 318
and Ottoman sultanate, 299–300
Persian destruction, 162–3
and pilgrims’ accommodation, 201
and religious conflict, 320, 339, 343, 348, 424, 520–1
and Tartar conquest, 271
and Turkish conquests, 203
Church of the Pinnacle, 160n
Church of the Redeemer, 378
Church of the Resurrection, 153
Churchill, Clementine, 433
Churchill, Lord Randolph, 433n
Churchill, Sir Winston, xxv, 382n, 423n, 429n, 431–4, 441, 453n, 466, 477, 484n, 485
and Zionism, 410–14, 432, 461
CIA, 489
Cilicia, 26, 88n, 117, 131n
circumcision, 45, 61–3, 118, 130, 360
ban on, 134, 137
and Islam, 171
Citadel, xxi, 8–9, 84, 88, 123, 132, 136, 185, 202, 348
and Crusaders, 207, 215, 217
Clarence, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of, 362
Claudius, Emperor, 5, 114–16, 146n
Clausewitz, Carl von, 446
Clemenceau, Georges, 427–8
Cleopatra II, Queen of Egypt, 67n
Cleopatra III, Queen of Egypt, 70n
Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt, 73–5, 77–82, 131
Cleopatra Selene, 82n
Cleopatra Thea, 67n
Clermont, 208–9
Clifford, Clark, 464
Clinton, Bill, President, 506, 508–9, 514
Cobb, Miss, 399
Cohen, Amnon, 509n
Cohen, ‘Red Rosa’, 430
Cold War, 489
Columbus, Christopher, 294n
Conder, Lieutenant Charles, 355n, 363n
Congress of Berlin, 362, 409
Congreve, General Sir Walter ‘Squib’, 445
Conrad III, King of Germany, 234–5
Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem, 249, 256n
Conrad II, King of Jerusalem, 270n
Conradin, King of Jerusalem, 270n
Constantine the Great, Emperor, 140, 143–5, 148–9, 163, 182, 184, 217, 369, 409
Constantine IX Monamachus, Emperor, 200
Constantine X Doukas, Emperor, 201
Constantinople, 130n, 144, 147, 153–6, 158–9, 165, 189, 192, 207n, 209, 217, 416, 442
and Arab conquest, 180, 183, 185–6, 190
Hagia Sofia, 159, 181–2, 201
Nika riots, 158
Ottoman conquest, 288
and Persian threat, 161, 163–4
Russian conquest, 311n
see also Istanbul
Constantius Chlorus, Emperor, 140
Constantius II, Emperor, 148n, 149–50
Cook, John Mason, 379
Cook, Thomas, 363
Cook, Miss, 335
Coptic Church, 157n, 310, 519
Córdoba, 200n, 499
Council of Chalcedon, 157
Council of Nicaea, 145, 148
Court of Women, 8, 86
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 72–3, 76n, 106n
Creasy, Mathilda, 345
Cremieux, Adolphe, 333
Cresson, Warder, 336–8
Crete, 14, 79, 101, 327
Crewe, Margaret, Marchioness of, 414
Crimea, 191n, 304, 382n, 440n
Crimean War, 343–4, 345n, 347–8, 352
Crispus Caesar, 145
Croesus, King of Lydia, 47
Cromwell, Oliver, 301–2, 303, 331
Crossman, Richard, 461
crucifixion, 1–2, 62, 105–7
Crusader architecture, 254
Crusades, 189, 355, 420, 428
Count Thibault’s, 270
Eighth, 277n
Fifth, 265–6
First, 208–10
and holy war theory, 208
and reconquest of Spain, 285, 293–4
Second, 234, 333
Seventh, 271
Third, 255–62
Ctesiphon, 161–2
Cunningham, General Sir Alan, 467, 474–5
Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess, 414, 415n, 426, 432–3
Curzon, Robert, 328–9
Cyprus, 35, 55, 84n, 133, 179, 257, 260n, 325, 362, 380–1, 436
Cyrenaica, 55
Cyrene, 81
Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, 47–50, 53
Czechoslovakia, 452–4
Dacia, 134
Daimbert, Patriarch, 215–16
Dajani family, 296, 308n, 360–1, 439, 469, 488
Damas, General, 312, 316
Damascus, 22, 29, 32n, 71, 194, 316n, 318, 323, 350, 380, 383, 417n, 469, 492
and Albanian conquest, 327
and Arab conquests, 172, 176, 178, 181, 185–6, 310
and Crusaders, 217, 223–4, 235, 243, 246, 249
and division of Middle East, 403, 405, 421, 426, 428, 469
and Islamic sultanate, 251–3, 262–4, 268
Jewish population and blood libel, 333, 336, 374
and Mongol conquest, 272, 279
and St Paul’s conversion, 117, 143
and Tamurlane’s conquest, 282–4
and Three Pashas, 397–8, 416
Umayyad Mosque, 96n, 185
Damascus Gate, 110, 134, 135n, 138, 152n, 157, 208, 211, 226, 270, 304, 364–5, 379, 395, 397, 467, 479, 518