17 “There isn’t any”: Ibid., p. 204.
18 “distinctly pious”: Butler, Lord Lothian, p. 3.
19 “troubles the heart”: Fox, Five Sisters, p. 169.
20 “it was possible”: Butler, Lord Lothian, p. 227.
21 “America really holds”: Cull, Selling War, p. 20.
22 “Both winning the”: Ibid., p. 33.
23 “We have never”: Butler, Lord Lothian, p. 277.
24 “there is generally”: Ibid., p. 258.
25 “We really have”: Ibid., p. 277.
26 “The United States”: Cull, Selling War, pp. 63–64.
27 “To an extent”: Ibid., p. 34.
28 “The same Lord”: New York Times, Jan. 16, 1940.
29 “sandwiched between”: Wheeler-Bennett, Special Relationships, p. 81.
30 “an unqualified determination”: Ibid.
31 “I found that”: Ibid., p. 82.
32 “create an American”: Ibid., p. 93.
33 “formidable, anti-British”: Cull, Selling War, p. 61.
34 “So long as”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 352.
35 “I think that”: Butler, Lord Lothian, p. 281.
36 “an earnest”: Winston S. Churchill, Their Finest Hour (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949), p. 555.
37 “What a great”: Cull, Selling War, p. 109.
38 “There is universal”: Ibid., p. 73.
39 “the whole fury”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 377.
40 “has not yet”: Reynolds, Lord Lothian, p. 20.
41 “I hope you”: “Lord Lothian’s Job,” Time, July 8, 1940.
42 “It is for you”: Butler, Lord Lothian, p. 291.
43 “the public agitation”: Joseph W. Alsop, FDR: 1882–1945: A Centenary Remembrance (New York: Viking, 1982), p. 203.
44 “public opinion is”: Cull, Selling War, p. 78.
45 “the situation in”: Goodhart, Fifty Ships, p. 75.
46 “The highest naval”: Robert W. Merry, Taking On the World: Joseph and Stewart Alsop—Guardians of the American Century (New York: Viking, 1996), p. 84.
47 “A recheck”: Ibid.
48 “As an opinionated”: Ibid., p. 85.
49 “and you say”: Agar, Darkest Year, p. 147.
50 “equip other people”: Ibid., pp. 148–49.
51 “I am telling”: Goodhart, Fifty Ships, p. 160.
52 “was the turning”: Agar, Darkest Year, p. 149.
53 “spent a lot”: Ickes, Secret Diary, p. 233.
54 “a plot to”: Steel, Walter Lippmann, p. 385.
55 “one of the”: Agar, Darkest Year, p. 153.
56 “Don’t you take”: Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (New York: Touchstone, 1988), p. 135.
57 “He condescended”: Dean Acheson, Morning and Noon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 165.
58 “gay, graceful”: Isaacson and Thomas, The Wise Men, p. 85.
59 “To shrink”: Acheson, Morning and Noon, p. 221.
60 “the transfer”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 478.
61 “a fresh thought”: Agar, Darkest Year, p. 154.
62 “go full steam”: Butler, Lord Lothian, p. 295.
63 “a Yankee horse”: Agar, Darkest Year, p. 153.
64 “There was an”: Ibid., pp. 152–53.
65 “The committee was”: Ibid., p. 150.
66 BETWEEN US AND HITLER: Chadwin, War Hawks, p. 79.
67 “congratulate me”: Alsop, FDR: 1882–1945, p. 203.
CHAPTER 12: “THE PEOPLE SAVED THE DAY”
1 “I would crawl”: Steve Neal, Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1984), p. 69.
2 “It wasn’t”: Ibid., p. 120.
3 “The people saved”: Life, July 8, 1940.
4 “man wholly”: Charles Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing “We Want Willkie” Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World (New York: Public Affairs, 2005), p. 23.
5 “a Republican who”: Halberstam, Powers That Be, p. 60.
6 “locked in combat”: Kurth, American Cassandra, p. 320.
7 “eight or ten photographers”: Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. 69.
8 “a plain American”: Ibid.
9 “I wouldn’t live”: Neal, Dark Horse, p. 25.
10 “acceptance of himself”: Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia, p. 35.
11 “There is a”: Ibid., p. 21.
12 “American life was”: Goodhart, Fifty Ships, p. 106.
13 “I’ve met the”: Marcia Davenport, Too Strong for Fantasy (New York: Pocket, 1969), p. 216.
14 “chemical reaction”: Elson, Time, Inc., p. 417.
15 “We are opposed”: Neal, Dark Horse, p. 68.
16 “The principles he”: Elson, Time, Inc., p. 417.
17 “help Oren Root”: “President-Maker,” New Yorker, June 8, 1940.
18 “I have no”: Neal, Dark Horse, p. 69.
19 “most significant”: Donald A. Ritchie, Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 135.
20 “The one man”: Neal, Dark Horse, p. 71.
21 “75 percent”: Shesol, Supreme Power, p. 283.
22 “old-fashioned”: Davenport, Too Strong for Fantasy, pp. 216–17.
23 “The curse of”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 415.
24 “trembled for”: Neal, Dark Horse, p. 75.
25 “For Republicans like”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 424.
26 “Republicans can”: Raymond Clapper, “GOP’s Chance,” Life, June 24, 1940.
27 “Willkie, despite”: Goodhart, Fifty Ships, pp. 106–7.
28 THE UNINVITED GUEST: Neal, Dark Horse, p. 108.
29 “in accord with”: Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, p. 670.
30 “leader with a”: Neal, Dark Horse, pp. 97–98.
31 “If the politicians”: Sheean, Dorothy and Red, p. 312.
32 “the Willkie trend”: Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia, p. 99.
33 “We want Willkie!”: Neal, Dark Horse, p. 106.
34 “most of the”: Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia, p. 95.
35 “Guests, hell”: Goodhart, Fifty Ships, p. 108.
36 “We professionals”: Ibid., p. 107.
37 “The suspense was”: Davenport, Too Strong for Fantasy, p. 228.
38 “the miracle of Philadelphia”: Neal, Dark Horse, p. 122.
39 “I am thoroughly”: Ibid., p. 116.
40 “I knew the”: Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia, p. 115.
41 “To millions of”: Janet Flanner, “Rushville’s Renowned Son-in-Law,” New Yorker, Oct. 12, 1940.
42 “we here are”: Neal, Dark Horse, p. 121.
43 “guaranteed to the”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 174.
44 “From the standpoint”: Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–45, Series D, Vol. 9 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office), p. 49.
45 “a well-camouflaged”: Ibid., p. 551.
46 “peoples whose”: Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, p. 669.
47 “so written”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 426.
48 “His sincerity comes”: Neal, Dark Horse, p. 122.
CHAPTER 13: “CONGRESS IS GOING TO RAISE HELL”
1 “The President’s”: Jackson, That Man, p. 42.
2 “The shift toward”: Neal, Dark Horse, pp. 56–57.
3 “slowing down”: Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, p. 533.
4 “has not the”: Ibid.
5 “I did not”: Jackson, That Man, p. 45.
6 “frankly and clearly”: Ickes, Secret Diary, p. 250.
7 “some show of”: Perret, Days of Sadness, p. 48.
8 “bored and tired”: Biddle, In Brief Authority, pp. 140–41.
9 “dead, cold”: Ickes, Secret Diary, p. 243.
10 “grim”: Childs, I Write from Washington, p. 196.
11 “We W
ant Roosevelt!”: Perret, Days of Sadness, p. 49.
12 “Of course”: Ernest Cuneo unpublished autobiography, Cuneo papers, FDRPL.
13 “the affair had”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 463.
14 “As Franklin noted”: Rexford G. Tugwell, The Democratic Roosevelt (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1957), p. 462.
15 “a man more”: John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace (New York: Norton, 2000), p. 209.
16 “a hell of”: Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, p. 599.
17 “manhandled”: Ickes, Secret Diary, p. 272.
18 “Well, damn it”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 464.
19 “agony … just utter”: Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, p. 221.
20 “Why are they”: Ibid.
21 “The President could”: Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. 142.
22 “No amount of”: Life, July 29, 1940.
23 “a shambles”: Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia, p. 152.
24 “Something has gone”: Ibid.
25 “If the President”: Ickes, Secret Diary, p. 266.
26 “most insistent”: Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, p. 395.
27 “The value to”: Goodhart, Fifty Ships, p. 182.
28 “Congress is going”: Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, p. 441.
29 “a dictatorial step”: Chadwin, War Hawks, p. 106.
30 “You can’t attack”: Goodhart, Fifty Ships, p. 187.
31 “naval and air”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, pp. 479–80.
32 “I thought they”: Olson, Citizens of London, p. 7.
33 “Any destroyer that”: Goodhart, Fifty Ships, p. 237.
34 “makes our official”: Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, pp. 773–74.
35 “sealed what in”: Goodhart, Fifty Ships, p. 187.
36 “an openly hostile”: Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, p. 775.
37 “little people”: Olson, Citizens of London, p. 46.
38 “He was concerned”: Ibid., p. 33.
39 “an almost miraculous”: Cull, Selling War, p. 109.
40 “Hitler had given”: Ibid., p. 110.
41 “You’re a scoundrel”: Wheeler-Bennett, Special Relationships, p. 84.
42 “has stood close”: Beck, Hitler’s Ambivalent Attaché, p. 168.
43 “on the conservative”: Ibid.
44 “as an organ”: Ibid.
CHAPTER 14: “AN AMERICAN FIRST, AND A REPUBLICAN AFTERWARD”
1 “supremely daring”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 157.
2 “Of what value”: Life, Aug. 28, 1939.
3 “Grenny Clark”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, pp. 21–22.
4 “Aladdin’s lamp”: Ibid., p. 41.
5 “a consummate Army”: Ed Cray, General of the Army: George Marshall, Soldier and Statesman (New York: Norton, 1990), p. 195.
6 “the best of”: Ibid., p. 7.
7 “I thought”: Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 24.
8 “It was very”: Ibid.
9 “a sleazy third-rater”: Alsop, “I’ve Seen the Best of It,” p. 139.
10 “plainly incompetent”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 56.
11 “an impossibly grand”: Alsop, “I’ve Seen the Best of It,” p. 143.
12 “the world’s most”: Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Harper, 1948), p. 308.
13 “passive and shameful”: Ibid., p. 311.
14 “peace above righteousness”: Ibid., p. 312.
15 “a time might”: Ibid., p. 317.
16 “a ridiculous idea”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 64.
17 “Short of a direct”: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, p. 320.
18 “was in full”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 564.
19 “your ridiculous plot”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 89.
20 “national solidarity”: Ibid.
21 “hopelessly twisted”: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, p. 330.
22 “I am an American first”: Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. 175.
23 “a much-needed blood transfusion”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 164.
24 “give the news”: Susan E. Tifft and Alex S. Jones, The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind The New York Times (Boston: Little, Brown, 1999), p. xix.
25 “Gentlemen, we have”: Meyer Berger, The New York Times: 1851–1951 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1951), p. 439.
26 “In the interest”: Ibid., pp. 439–40.
27 “I did not”: Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, p. 605.
28 “a Chinaman’s chance”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 84.
29 “perfectly willing”: James Wadsworth, Oral History Collection, Columbia University.
30 “If we had”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 103.
31 “strong and unequivocal”: Ibid., p. 110.
32 “they were in”: Ibid.
33 “We were given”: Ibid.
34 “no conceivable way”: Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 60.
35 “My relief of”: Cray, General of the Army, p. 170.
36 “Democrats who vote”: “Conscription,” Time, Aug. 12, 1940.
37 “Congressmen are”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 284.
38 “frightened of a”: Ibid., p. 97.
39 “I myself feared”: Ibid., p. 217.
40 “a splendid demonstration”: Life, Sept. 2, 1940.
41 “call some of”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 170.
42 “essential to adequate”: Ibid., p. 171.
43 “Whenever the Congress”: Ibid., p. 174.
44 “I shudder for”: Ibid., p. 175.
45 “dollar patriots”: John G. Clifford, “Grenville Clark and the Origins of the Selective Service,” The Review of Politics, January 1973.
46 “slacker family”: William E. Coffey, “Isolationism and Pacifism: Senator Rush D. Holt and American Foreign Policy,” West Virginia History, 1992.
47 “to sit by”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 214.
48 “[N]o longer will”: Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, p. 682.
49 “These legislative”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 193.
50 “some form of”: Ibid., p. 194.
51 “The Willkie speech”: Ibid., p. 201.
52 “absolutely opposed”: Ibid., p. 203.
53 “While not a”: John G. Clifford, “Grenville Clark and the Origins of the Selective Service,” The Review of Politics, January 1973.
54 “Every time Hitler”: Ibid.
55 “really broke the”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 196.
56 “We have started”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 515.
57 “Openly and officially”: Paton-Walsh, Our War Too, pp. 115–16.
58 “To postpone”: James Rowe memo to FDR, Oct. 14, 1940, President’s Secretary’s File, FDRPL.
59 “The first number”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 2.
60 “good statesmanship”: Stimson diary, Oct. 29, 1940, FDRPL.
61 “Mr. Roosevelt the”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 203.
62 “Without his”: Lewis B. Hershey, “Grenville Clark and Selective Service,” in Memoirs of a Man: Grenville Clark, Norman Cousins and J. Garry Clifford, eds. (New York: Norton, 1975), p. 209.
63 “If it had”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, pp. 224–25.
64 “admiration and gratitude”: Ibid., p. 225.
65 “was undoubtedly the”: John G. Clifford, “Grenville Clark and the Origins of the Selective Service,” The Review of Politics, January 1973.
66 “it was the”: Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 62.
67 “the people will”: Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, p. 5.
CHAP
TER 15: “THE YANKS ARE NOT COMING”
1 “The conduct of”: Sevareid, Not So Wild, pp. 62–63.
2 “preserve at least”: Ibid., p. 64.
3 “Flanders fields”: Chadwin, War Hawks, p. 9.
4 “The Yanks Are”: Ibid.
5 “bear arms”: Sevareid, Not So Wild, p. 60.
6 “we shouldn’t be”: Ruth Sarles, A Story of America First: The Men and Women Who Opposed U.S. Intervention in World War II (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003), p. 250.
7 “a deep-seated”: Geoffrey Kabaservice, The Guardians: Kingman Brewster, His Circle, and the Rise of the Liberal Establishment (New York: Henry Holt, 2004), p. 80.
8 “We are frankly”: Schlesinger, A Life in the Twentieth Century, p. 231.
9 LET’S SEND 50: Eileen Eagan, Class, Culture, and the Classroom: The Student Peace Movement of the 1930s (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), p. 214.
10 “we were not”: Schlesinger, A Life in the Twentieth Century, p. 245.
11 “fantastic nonsense”: Ibid.
12 “Open Letter”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, pp. 507–8.
13 WE STAND HERE: Ibid., pp. 508–9.
14 “one of the”: Kabaservice, Guardians, p. 70.
15 “the idea man”: Ibid., p. 74.
16 “What you are”: Sarles, Story of America First, p. xxii.
17 “I would get”: Ibid., p. 213.
18 “a bug on”: Kabaservice, Guardians, p. 77.
19 “his courage and”: Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 513.
20 “Most of us”: Ibid.
21 “When the peoples”: America First flyer, Sherwood papers, HL.
22 “in agreement with”: Kabaservice, Guardians, p. 75.
23 “substantial and prominent”: Ibid., p. 74.
24 “an apocalyptic”: New York Times, Sept. 21, 1940.
25 “a story of”: Sherwood introduction to Pastor Hall, Sherwood papers, HL.
26 “display of depravity”: Cull, Selling War, p. 50.
27 “Nazi sensibilities”: Schneider, Should America Go to War?, p. 93.
28 “Having seen it”: Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, 1880–1955 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), p. 42.
29 “moronic buffoonery”: Ibid., p. 181.
30 “aggressive, sensitive”: Ibid., p. xvi.
31 “the World’s Greatest Newspaper”: Ibid.
32 “We are the”: Ibid., p. 263.
33 “The trouble with”: Ibid., p. xvi.
34 “a Sodom and”: Ibid.
35 “dominated and driven”: Ibid., p. 312.