Page 35 of Century of the Wind

Pensington, Lieutenant, 92–93

  Pereira, Virgulino da Silva: see Lampião

  Pereira family, 29–30

  Pérez, Didaskó, 231

  Perez, Milay, 231

  Pérez Millán Temperley, Jorge Ernesto, 56

  Pemambuco, 29

  Perón, Evita, 100–101, 127–28, 143–44, 157

  Perón, Juan Domingo, 82, 127–28, 144, 156, 157, 228

  Pershing, John, 44–45

  Persons, Ell, 50

  Peru, 12, 27, 55, 202, 223–25, 260–61

  Pessoa, Epitácio, 50

  Peters, Dewitt, 124

  Peurifoy, John, 151, 152, 154

  Philip II, king of Spain, 7

  Picasso, Pablo, 135–36, 237

  Pinochet, Augusto, 215, 226, 251, 277

  Pinochet, Señora, 215

  Pino del Agua, 163

  Pixinguinha (musician), 51

  Platt, Thomas, 30

  Platt Amendment, 30

  Playa Girón, 174

  Plaza, Monseñor, 233

  Plaza de Mayo grandmothers, 265–66, 267

  Plaza de Mayo mothers, 239, 246, 261, 267

  Poland, 135

  Ponce, Federico, 150

  Port-au-Prince, 124, 207

  Portugal, 197

  Posada, José Guadalupe, 24–25

  Potosí, 187

  Potosí Indians, 188

  Pound, Ezra, 65

  Presley, Elvis, 242

  Prestes, Luis Carlos, 63, 102

  Princeton, N.J., 127

  Puerto Cabezas, 62

  Puerto Rico, 188, 199–200

  Puno, 55

  Punta del Este, 177

  Punta Santa Elena, 276

  Quetzaltenango, 6

  Que Viva México (film), 90

  Quiché, 255

  Quijano, Carlos, 274

  Quintero, Dante, 102

  Quiroga, Horacio, 35–36

  Quiroga Santa Cruz, Marcelo, 252

  Quito, 27–28

  Ragone, Miguel, 228

  Ramírez, Juan Pablo, 69

  Ramos, Graciliano, 102

  Rapallo, 65

  Reagan, Ronald, 146, 263, 269, 272

  Recife, 217

  Red Cross, 121, 212

  Reed, John, 37, 38, 57

  Regla, 61–62

  Revueltas, José, 201

  Ribeirão Bonito, 223

  Ribeiro, Darcy, 250

  “Right to Be Born” (radio drama), 137–38

  Rio Batalha, 13

  Rio Coco, 182

  Rio Cuarto, 238

  Rio de Janiero, 9, 20, 21, 50, 51, 102, 108, 109, 114, 115, 116, 138, 155, 171, 185, 204–5, 218, 273

  Rivera, Diego, 24–25, 59, 60, 61, 77

  Roa, Raúl, 180–81

  Roa Bastos, Augusto, 95

  Robeson, Paul, 146, 147

  Rockefeller, David, 246

  Rockefeller, John D., 25

  Rodó, José Enrique, 4

  Roldós, Jaime, 260

  Romão Baptista, Cicero, 63

  Romero, Arnulfo, 243, 256–57

  Roosevelt, Franklin D, 104, 112, 118, 119

  Roosevelt, Teddy, 8

  Rosa, Guimaraes, 171

  Rosados family, 29

  Rosa Luxemburg Committee, 53

  Rosario and Light Mines Company, 19, 247

  Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 145

  Rosencof, Mauricio, 230

  Rossell Arellano, Mariano, 152

  Royal Dutch Shell, 94

  Rubirosa, Porfirio, 169, 173

  Ruby, Jack, 183

  Rugama, Leonel, 208–9

  Rulfo, Juan, 67–68, 202

  Russell, Bertrand, 238

  Sacasa, Juan Bautista, 94, 96

  Sacco, Nicola, 65

  Sagua la Grande, 12

  Saint George’s, 263

  Saint-Jean, Ibénco, 233

  Saint-Laurent, Yves, 197

  Saint Pierre, 7

  Salcedo, 106

  Salgadinho stream, 63

  Salta, 228

  Salt Lake City, 37

  Salvador Allende (town), 277–78

  Samedi, Baron, 124

  San Albino, 62

  San Andrés de Sotavento, 14

  San Blas Islands, 225

  Sánchez Arcilla, José, 137

  the Sandinistas, 182, 235, 244, 247, 249–50, 257

  Sandino, Augusto César, 31, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 86–88, 92, 94, 96, 196, 249

  San Fernando Hill, 140

  San Gabriel de Jalisco, 67

  San Ignacio, 35

  San Jose, Calif., 199

  San José, Uruguay, 229

  San José de Costa Rica, 136

  San José Gratia, 3

  San Juan, 188, 199

  San Salvador, 93, 97, 103, 104, 150, 182, 206, 220, 221, 243, 256

  Sans-Souci, 123

  Santa Ana de Yacuma, 253

  Santa Clara, 168

  Santa Fe, 90

  Santamaría, Abel, 148

  Santa María volcano, 6

  Santa Marta, 73, 254

  Santiago de Chile, 209, 210, 212–16, 226, 251, 264, 277

  Santiago de Cuba, 147, 148, 164

  Santo Domingo, 84–85, 105, 158, 168, 172, 173, 184, 188, 189, 190

  Santos, Gabriel dos, 205

  Santos, João David dos, 273–74

  Santos Dumont, Alberto, 5–6, 11–12

  Sao Paulo, 272

  Sao Salvador de Bahia, 114, 178

  Sarrá, Ernesto and Loló, 159

  Schneider, René, 209

  Seattle, 147

  Shell Oil, 82, 94, 99, 112

  Shortridge, Senator, 70

  Shultz, George, 263

  Sick People (Arguedas), 18

  Sicuani, 224

  Sierra Maestra, 160, 167

  Siles, Hernando, 81

  Silva Renard, Roberto, 13

  Sinú River, 162

  Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 59, 61

  Siuna, 247

  Smith, Bessie, 65

  Smith, Earl, 164–65, 168

  Smith, Walter Bedell, 151

  Soccer War, 206–7

  Socialist Workers’ Party (Yucatán), 58

  Solanille, José Julian, 233

  Solentiname Archipelago, 236

  Somoza, Anastasio Tacho, 94, 96, 97, 119, 152, 158

  Somoza, Luis, 158, 173, 211

  Somoza, Tachito, 210–12, 244, 245, 247, 248–49, 257–58

  Somoza Portocarrero, Anastasio, 249

  Sonora, 16

  Sosúa, 184

  Sotomayor, Rafael, 13

  South Georgia Islands, 261

  Soviet Union, 61, 70, 135, 172

  Spain, 103, 109–10, 118

  Spanish American Copper Company, 30

  Sparkman, Senator, 175, 176

  Stalin, Josef, 113

  Standard Oil, 82, 94, 99, 112, 261

  Statue of Liberty, 259

  Stock Exchange (New York), 80–81, 85

  Stockholm, 166, 167, 262

  Storni, Alfonsina, 101

  Stroessner, Alfredo, 258

  Suárez, Roberto, 253

  Sucre, 162, 255

  Superman (comic strip), 120

  Surahammar, 259

  Sweden, 260

  Sylbaris, Ludger, 7

  Tabasco, 73

  Tacuba, 91

  Tamayo, José Luis, 53–54

  Tampico, 56

  Tarascan Indians, 227

  Taylor, Robert, 146

  Tegucigalpa, 206, 235

  Téllez, Dora María, 244

  Tello (Nicaraguan guerrilla), 237

  Tepic, 277

  Tequesquitengo, 26

  Texaco Oil, 171, 273

  Texas, 44

  Tierra del Fuego, 7

  Tiger of Ixcán, 219–20

  Time (magazine), 154

  Tlaltizapán, 41, 42

  Tlatelolco, 200–201

  Tlatelolco prison, 31

  Tolima Battalion, 140

  Tolstoy, Leo,
22

  Toronto, 52

  Torreón, 38

  Torres, Camilo, 192

  Torrijos, Omar, 245, 260

  Tortolo, Monseñor, 234

  Traven, B., 56

  Trotsky, Leon, 113

  Trujillo, María de, 159

  Trujillo, Rafael Leónidas, 85, 105–6, 107–8, 119, 158–59, 168, 169, 172–73, 184, 186, 187

  Trujillo, Ramfis, 105, 119, 173

  Trujillo City, 105

  Truman, Harry, 126, 149

  Tucumán, 128, 129

  Tuma River, 267

  Túpac Amaru, 55

  Turnbull, Walter, 150

  Twain, Mark, 188

  Ubico, Jorge, 104–5, 149

  Ugarteche, Vice Admiral, 196

  The Underdogs (Azuela), 41–42

  United Fruit Company, 73, 74, 75–76, 105, 136, 148, 149–50, 151, 152, 157

  United States of America, 4–5, 7–8, 19, 25, 30, 37–38, 41, 43–44, 45, 50, 52, 64–66, 68, 69, 70–71, 78–81, 85–86, 93, 94, 107, 118–22, 124, 126, 144–47, 149–53, 154, 155, 171–72, 173–74, 175–76, 177, 180, 183, 184, 185, 188, 190, 198–99, 209, 210, 212, 213, 244, 245, 249, 252, 255, 268, 270, 271–72; see also Central Intelligence Agency

  U.S. Marines, 8, 19, 30, 62, 68, 69, 71, 86, 94, 119, 172, 190, 263

  U.S. National Security Agency, 195

  U.S. Rangers, 195

  United States Steel Corporation, 4

  Universal History of Infamy (Borges), 99

  Universal Inter-Oceanic Canal Company, 7

  Unkel, Curt, 13

  Upar Valley, 135

  Urcos, 224

  Urrutia, Matilde, 216

  Urubamba River, 27

  Uruguay, 10, 35, 36, 138, 208, 229–33, 257, 274

  Urviola, Ezequiel, 55

  Uspantán, 256

  Valdivia, Pedro de, 251

  Valentino, Rudolph, 64

  Valladares, Ramón, 264

  Vallejo, César, 118

  Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 65

  Varela, Héctor Benigno, 53, 56

  Varela, Obdulio, 138–39

  Vargas, Getulio, 102, 108, 155, 273

  Vargas, Rafael, 227–28

  the Vatican, 270

  Velasco Alvarado, Juan, 223, 224–25

  Venezuela, 15, 17, 98–99, 152, 227, 241–42, 269

  Vera, Martín, 29

  Veracruz, 16

  Verne, Jules, 5–6

  Verrolino, Genaro, 154

  Videla, Jorge Rafael, 233, 234, 246

  Vietnam War, 198–99

  Villa, Pancho, 26–27, 31, 32, 33–34, 35, 37, 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 57, 58, 72

  Villa de Jesús María, 179

  Villafañe, Javier, 90–91, 262

  Villahermosa, 73

  Villa-Lobos, Heitor, 66–67

  Villamontes-Boyuibe Road, 98

  Villarreina, José, 247

  Villarroel, Gualberto, 130

  Violeta Parra Community, 277

  Walsh, Rodolfo, 238

  Washington, D.C., 8, 70, 107, 118, 119, 137, 145, 146, 147, 151, 175, 209, 215, 271, 272

  Washington Herald (newspaper), 70

  Welles, Orson, 120

  Wessin y Wessin, General, 184, 189, 190, 191

  West Indian Company, 148

  West Orange, N.J., 3

  West Point, 119, 211

  Wheeler, Burton, 70

  White, Ellen G., 78

  Whitman, Anne, 151

  Wilckens, Kurt, 56

  Wilson, Charles, 145

  Wilson, Henry Lane, 32

  Wiwilí cooperative, 96, 97

  Workers’ Party of Acapulco, 54

  World War II, 120–21, 122, 123, 126

  Wroclaw, 135

  Yaguajay, 168

  Yaqui Indians, 15, 16, 201–2

  Yaqui River, 201

  Yara River, 163

  Ydígoras Fuentes, Miguel, 150

  Yoro, 220

  Yrigoyen, Hipólito, 53, 82

  Yucatan, 15–16, 42, 58–59

  Yupanqui, Atahualpa, 129

  Yuro Ravine, 196

  Zapata, Emiliano, 25–26, 31, 32–33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48–49, 60, 111, 146, 196

  Zapata, Nicolás, 112

  Zapotec Indians, 267

  Zárate Huilka, Pablo, 8, 9

  Zelaya, José Santos, 19, 30

  Zeledón, Benjamin, 30–31

  Zemurray, Sam, 149, 151

  Zimmerman, Isaac, 22

  Zinica, 235

  Zumpa beach, 276

  Acknowledgments

  To Helena Villagra, who helped so much at each stage of the work. Without her, Memory of Fire would not have been possible;

  To the friends whose contributions were gratefully acknowledged in the previous volumes, and who also helped here with sources, trails, and suggestions;

  To Alfredo Ahuerma, Susan Bergholz, Leonardo Cáceres, Rafael Cartay, Alfredo Cedeño, Rosa del Olmo, Enrique Fierro, César Galeano, Horacio García, Sergius Gonzaga, Berta and Fernanda Navarro, Eric Nepomuceno, David Sánchez-Juliao, Andrés Soliz Rada, and Julio Valle-Castillo, who provided access to the necessary bibliography;

  To Jorge Enrique Adoum, Pepe Barrientos, Álvaro Barros-Lémez, Jean-Paul Borel, Rogelio García Lupo, Mauricio Gatti, Juan Gelman, Santiago Kovadloff, Ole Østergaard, Rami Rodríguez, Miguel Rojas-Mix, Nicole Rouan, Pilar Royo, José María Valverde, and Daniel Vidart, who read the drafts with Chinese patience.

  This book

  is dedicated to Mariana, the Little Flea.

  About the Translator

  Born in London in 1904, Cedric Belfrage came to the U.S. in 1925 and began writing about movies in Hollywood. He was a cofounder of the National Guardian in 1948 and its editor until 1955, when a brush with McCarthy led to his deportation. He wrote ten books and novels published in this country, including Away from It All; Abide with Me; My Master Columbus; and The American Inquisition, 1945–1960. He lived with his wife, Mary, in Cuernavaca, Mexico, until his death in 1990.

  About the Author

  Eduardo Galeano (1940–2015) was one of Latin America’s most distinguished writers. He was the author of the trilogy Memory of Fire, Open Veins of Latin America, Soccer in Sun and Shadow, Days and Nights of Love and War, The Book of Embraces, Walking Words, Voices of Time, Upside Down, Mirrors: Stories of Almost Everyone, and Children of the Days: A Calendar of Human History. Born in Montevideo, he lived in exile in Argentina and Spain for years before returning to Uruguay. His work has inspired popular and classical composers and playwrights from all over the world and has been translated into twenty-eight languages. He was the recipient of many international prizes, including the first Lannan Prize for Cultural Freedom, the American Book Award, the Casa de las Américas Prize, and the First Distinguished Citizen of the region by the countries of Mercosur.

  All rights reserved, including without limitation the right to reproduce this ebook or any portion thereof in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.

  Originally published in 1986 in Spain as Memoria del fuego, III. El siglo del viento, by SigloVeintiunode EspañaEditores, S.A.

  Translation Copyright © 1988 by Cedric Belfrage

  Copyright © 1986 by SigloXXI Veintiuno de EspañaEditores, S.A.;

  Copyright © 1986 by SigloXXI Veintiuno de EspañaEditores, S.A.;

  Copyright © 1986 by Catàlogos, S.R.L.; Copyright 1984 by Eduardo Galeano

  Cover design by Liz Connor

  ISBN: 978-1-4804-8142-8

  This edition published in 2014 by Open Road Integrated Media, Inc.

  180 Maiden Lane

  New York, NY 10038

  www.openroadmedia.com

  THE MEMORY OF FIRE TRILOGY

  FROM OPEN ROAD MEDIA

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  Eduardo Galeano, Century of the Wind

 

 

 
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