spread of, 3.1, 10.1, 10.2
in the United States, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
see also specific malaria vectors
Malays
Malaysia, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
rubber in
Malay slaves
Maldive Islands, 1.1, 4.1
Malinche
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 5.1, 5.2
Malthusian trap, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
Maluku Islands, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1, 4.2, 9.1
Manassas, Battle of, see Bull Run, Battle of
Manatee River
Manaus, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5
Manchuria
Manchus, 1.1, 4.1
Mandinga, Pedro
Mangyan people, 1.1, 10.1
Manila, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5
Asian slavery banned in
attempted cartel in
Chinese rebellions in, 4.1, 8.1
Chinese trade with
eviction of Chinese from
import quotas
malaria in
massacres of Chinese in, 4.1, 5.1
monument in
Parián ghetto of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 10.1, 10.2
restrictions of Chinese in
Spaniards in
Manila Bay
manioc, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Mannahatta
Manrique, Felipe
mantas
manure
Mao’s War Against Nature (Shapiro)
Mao Zedong, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1
Maranhao
Margarit, Pedro
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France
Markham, Clements R., 7.1, 7.2
maroons, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10
in Brazil
Dutch and
forces against, 9.1, 9.2
increased population of
liberty won by
pirates and
reenslavement of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
religion and
Seminole alliance with, 9.1, 9.2
Spanish treaty with
in U.S., 9.1, 9.2
marriage, 8.1, 10.1
Martínez, María Elena
Martinez Pastrana, Alonso
Martín Fierro
Martire d’Anghiera, Pietro
Marx, Karl, 5.1, 5.2
Mashco (Indian group)
Mason, Charles
Mason-Dixon Line, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1
Massachusetts, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
slavery in
matchlocks
Maujao, 1.1, 10.1
Maunder Minimum
Maury, Matthew Fontaine
Maya
Mazagao Nova
Mazagao Velho, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
McNeill, J. R., 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 9.1, 9.2
McNeill, William H.
Mecca
Medici, Alessandro de’, 8.1, 10.1
Medici, Giulio de’
Megadrilogica
Mei Zengliang
Melillo, Edward D.
Melnikov, Konstantin
Melo Palheta, Francisco de
Menard, Russell R.
Mendes, Chico
Mendoza, Antonio de, 8.1, 8.2
Mendoza, Juan González de
mercury, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2
Merian, Matthäus
mestizo, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
metalaxyl
Mexico, 1.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Asian migration to
Indian labor in
malaria in
potatoes in
silk in
silver mines of, 1.1, 8.1
silver road in
smallpox in, 1.1, 8.1
sugar industry in
Mexico City, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6
Asian community in, 8.1, 8.2
ethnic groups of
as first globalized modern city
religious festivals in
Miao
Miao people
Michigan
Microcyclus ulei, see leaf blight
Middle East
Mill, John Stuart
Miller, Louis H.
Miller, Shawn William
millet, 5.1, 5.2
Mindoro, 1.1, 10.1
guerrillas in, 10.1, 10.2
logging on, 10.1, 10.2
Ming court, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2
Ming dynasty, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 8.1
incompetancy of
trade bans of, 4.1, 5.1
Ming emperors
Ming Shi, 4.1, 4.2
Miramontes, Juan de
Mirra, see Catarina de San Juan
Miskitu, 9.1, 9.2
Spanish plantations raided by
missionaries, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1
Mississippian societies, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Mississippi River, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1
Mitchel, John
Moche
Mojos (Indian group)
Mojú
molasses
Moluccas, see Maluku Islands
money supply
Mongols
mongooses
monoculture, industrial, 6.1, 6.2
Montejo, Pedro de
Montreal
More, Thomas
Moreau, Louis-Elie
morenos
Morgan, Edmund S., 2.1, 2.2
morisco
Morison, Samuel
Morocco, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Morozzo della Rocca, Robaldo
Mosquito Empires (McNeill), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
mosquitoes, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2
Motecuhzoma II (“Montezuma”), 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Mughal India, 2.1, 8.1
mulatto, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
mulberry trees, 4.1, 5.1
mule trains, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Muñoz, Diego
Murphy, Edmund, 6.1, 6.2
Murphy, Thomas
Muscovy duck
Mu Tianyan
Myanmar, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Myers, Michael D., 6.1, 6.2
Nagasaki
Nanjing, 1.1, 5.1
Nansemond, 2.1, 2.2
Napoleon III, Emperor of France, 7.1, 9.1
Narváez, Pánfilo de, 8.1, 8.2
Nasca
National Defense Stockpile Center, U.S.
National Food Authority (Philippines)
National Fungus Collections, U.S.
National Institutes of Health’s Laboratory of Parasitic Disease
natural gas
Navagero, Andrea, 7.1, 7.2
Naval Observatory, U.S.
Navassa
Nazis
Ndyuka
Nebraska (maroon group)
Netherlands, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1
attacks on Palmares by
English trade battle with
maroons and
potato blight in
slave trade of
New Amsterdam, slaves in
New Edinburgh
New England, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 8.1, 9.1
Newfoundland, 1.1, 2.1
New Guinea, 5.1, 8.1
New Hampshire
New Laws, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1
New Mexico
New People’s Army, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4
New Spain, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2
Asia migration to, 8.1, 8.2
ban of indigenous slavery in
forced Indian labor in
mixed races in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6
religion in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
restrictions on people of mixed race in
two “republics” of
New York, 3.1, 3.2
New York Times, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 9.1
New Zealand
Nicaragua, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
imported slaves from
Nichols, Philip
Nicola da Tolentino
nightshade family, 6.1, 6.2
Niña
nitrates, 6.1, 6.2
nitrites
nitrogen, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Niza, Marcos de
Nombre de Dios (Panama), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6
North, Douglass C.
North America
European mortality rates in
as narrow isthmus, 2.1, 2.2
size of
North Carolina
Union troops in
North China Plain, 5.1, 5.2
North Sea
Norway, famine in
N. tabacum
Núñez de Balboa, Vasco, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
oak, 1.1, 2.1
Observer
Offenburg
offshore ownership
O Gráda, Cormac, 6.1, 6.2
oil, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2
oil palms
Oklahoma, 9.1, 9.2
oomycete, 6.1, 6.2
oospore
Opechancanough, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1
opium, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
oranges
Organic Chemistry in Its Application to Agriculture and Physiology (Liebig), 6.1
Oriental Despotism (Wittfogel)
Orinoco River
O’Rourke, Kevin, 4.1, 4.2
Oryza glaberrima
Oryza sativa
Osborne, Anne R., 5.1, 5.2
Ottoman Empire, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1
Ouerfelli, Mohamed
Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo Fernández de, 7.1, 9.1
oxen
ox tongue
oysters
Pai Francisco
Pakistan
palm
Palmares, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7
paludismo
pampas
Panam
Panama, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Scottish colony in
Panamá, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8
slavery in
P.&T. Collins
Pangaea
papas secas
paper money, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Paramaribo (Suriname)
Pará rubber tree, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 10.1
pardos
Parentintins (Indian group)
Parián (Manila), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 10.1, 10.2
Parián (Mexico City)
Paris, 1.1, 7.1
Paris Green
Parmentier, Antoine-Augustin
Paterson, William, 3.1, 3.2
Peace Corps, U.S.
peach palm (pupunha), 7.1, 9.1
peanuts, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
pearls
Pennsylvania
People’s Liberation Army
peppers (chili, sweet, bell), 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1
Percy, George, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Pereira, Alberto Lorenço
Perestrello, Bartolomeu
Pérez Dasmariñas, Gómez
perfumes
Pernambuco
Peru, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Chinese slaves in
guano exports of
independence of
slavery in, 6.1, 6.2
smallpox in
Peruvian booby
Peruvian cormorant, 6.1, 6.2
Peruvian pelican
pesos, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2
pesticides, 6.1, 6.2
as counter productive
peyote
Pheretima
Philip II, King of Spain
Philippine mahogany, 10.1, 10.2
Philippines, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2
introduced species to
rice terraces in
see also Manila
photosynthesis
phylloxera
Phytophthora infestans
origins of
phytoplankton
pigs
pineapple
Pinta
piracy, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 8.1, 8.2
maroons and
pirarucu
Pius V, Pope
Pizarro, Francisca
Pizarro, Francisco, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 9.2
Pizarro, Gonzalo
Pizarro, Hernando
Plains Indian
plantains, 1.1, 10.1
plantations, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
in São Tomé
slavery on, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1
sugar, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6
Plasmodium, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1
biochemical signaling by
P. falciparum, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.1, 10.1
P. vivax, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 10.1, 10.2
as sensitive to temperature
Plaza Mayor, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Plimoth
Plymouth
pneumonia, 3.1, 4.1
Pocahontas, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 10.1
marriage of, 2.1, 3.1
rescue story of
Poland
Pollan, Michael, 6.1, 8.1
pollination, 2.1, 10.1
polymers
Polypheretima
Poma de Ayala, Felipe Guaman
Pomeranz, Kenneth
Ponce de León y Figueroa, Juan
porcelain, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
import quotas on
Portobelo, 1.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Porto Calvo, 9.1, 9.2
Porto Santo
Portugal, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
attacks on Palmares by, 9.1, 9.2
slavers from, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
slavery in, 3.1, 8.1
Portuguese Estado da India
potassium
Potato, The (Hawkes)
potato beetle, 6.1, 6.2
potato blight, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
see also specific countries and areas
potato cyst nematode
potatoes, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1
diversity of, 6.1, 6.2
European introduction of, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
harvest time of
indigenous cooking of
late blight and
nutritional content of
planting of
population increase from
toxicity of
water content of
wild, 6.1, 6.2
see also sweet potatoes
Potosí, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2
mine conditions at, 4.1, 4.2
tax cheating in
violence in
Power and Plenty (Findlay & O’Rourke)
Powers and Liberties: The Causes and Consequences of the Rise of the West (Hall), 4.1
Powhatan, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10
Powhatan (Indian group)
agriculture of, 2.1, 2.2
attack on Jamestown
culture of
Jamestown food supplied by
slavery among
Preservation Virginia, 3.1, 3.2
“price revolution”
“privateering”, 2.1, 2.2
Providence Island
Provisional Law 458
Prussia, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Pryse, Hugh
Puebla clay
Puebla de los Angeles, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5
Puerto Rico, 8.1, 8.2
pupunha (peach palm), 7.1, 9.1
Purus River
Putumayo River
Pyne, Stephen J.
Qing dynasty, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9
coastal clearance of
insularity of
Qosqo
Quan Hansheng, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
Quapaw (Arkansas, Indian group)
Quarequa, 9.1, 9.2
Querol i Subirats, Agustí
quil
ombos, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 545n
quinine, 7.1, 7.2
quinoa
Quiroga, Vasco de
Quispe Cusi, 8.1, 8.2
Quito
rabbits
race
concepts of, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1
casta paintings of, 8.1, 8.2
marriage and
mixing of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 9.2
radial tires
Radkau, Joachim
railroad
Ralegh, Walter
Ramos, Alonso
Ramos, Aria
Rappahannock River
rat lungworm
reales
Recife, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
red blood cells, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
reforestation, 1.1, 1.2
Reis, Joao José
Reiter’s syndrome, 1.1, 10.1
Renchuan, Lin
Restall, Matthew, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Revitalize Indigenous Cordilleran Entrepreneurs (RICE)
Revolutionary War, malaria and
Reynolds, John W.
Rhode Island
Ribeiro, Eduardo
rice, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1, 10.2
flooding and
“heirloom”
Richmond, Virginia
Riley, Charles Valentine
Rio de Janeiro, 3.1, 7.1, 9.1
Rio de la Plata
Rio Grande, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1
Riou, Edouard
Ristaino, Jean
Rizal, José
Roanoke Island, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1
Robinson, James A., 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Rodríguez, Manel Ollé
Rolfe, John, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
Room of Miarcles
Roots (TV miniseries)
Rosario Costa Cabral, Maria do, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1
Rountree, Helen, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Rowsley, William
Royal Botanic Gardens
Royal Geographical Society, 7.1, 7.2
Royal Spanish Academy, 3.1, 3.2
rubber, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
balls made of, 7.1, 7.2
boom in, 7.1, 7.2
boots made from
chemistry of
control of trade in
ecological impact of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
electrification and
garments made with
Indian laborers and
labor for
in Laos
primary source of natural
production of, 7.1, 7.2
synthetic vs. natural
ubiquitousness of
vulcanization of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
see also Brazil, caucho, China, leaf blight, Pará rubber tree
“rubber fever”
rubber plantations, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
rubber trees
difference between Hevea and Castilla species
milking of
overexploitation of
Ruddiman, William F., 1.1, 10.1
rum
Russia
Saarinen, Eliel
sago
St. Augustine
St. James
St. Kitts
Salazar, Domingo de
Salcedo, Juan de
Salé
Salem, Mass.
Salmon, William
salt poisoning, 2.1, 3.1
Salvador (Salvador de Bahia), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1
Salvatierra de la Sabana
Sami (Finnish group)
Sampzon, Esteban
samurai