Sandys, George, 2.1, 2.2

  San Francisco Javier

  Sangley Point

  San José (Chile)

  San Lorenzo de los Negros

  San Miguel de Gauldape

  Santa María

  Santa María la Antigua del Darién, 9.1, 9.2

  Santana, Christian de Jesus

  Santarém, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Santería

  Santiago (Chile)

  Santo Antônio (Brazil), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Santo Domingo, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

  Santos, Roberto

  São Paulo

  São Tomé (St. Thomas) and Príncipe, 8.1, 8.2

  Saramaka (maroon group)

  Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro

  Savannah River

  Saxony

  scale insects, 1.1, 1.2, 10.1

  Scandinavia

  Scholtz, Waldemar

  Scholtz & Co.

  Schumpeter, Joseph

  Schweninger, Loren

  Scotland, 3.1, 3.2

  Scott, James

  scurvy

  secondary pests

  seigneury

  Seminole (Indian group), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  maroon alliance with

  slaves of

  wars of, 9.1, 10.1

  Senegal

  Sephardic Jews

  Serra da Barriga, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

  Sessions, Scott, 3.1, 3.2

  Seven Cities of Gold

  Seven Years’ War

  Seville, 7.1, 9.1

  sexual reproduction

  Shaanxi (China), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

  shack people (pengmin), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 10.1

  see also Hakka

  Shao Pian

  Shapiro, Judith

  sharecroppers

  sheep, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1

  Shelley, Percy Bysshe

  Shi, Weiyi, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  shigellosis

  shrimp, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  Sichuan (China), 5.1, 5.2

  Sicily

  sickle-cell anemia

  “Sickness, Starvation, and Death in Early Hispaniola”

  Sierra Leone

  Siete Partidas, 8.1, 8.2

  silicosis

  silk, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

  import quotas on, 4.1, 4.2

  Silk Road

  silkworms, 2.1, 4.1

  silt grains

  silver, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6

  China and, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1

  production of, 1.1, 4.1

  shipping of

  smuggling of, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2

  see also galleon trade

  silver fox

  silver pesos, 4.1, 4.2

  Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research

  Sinbad the Sailor

  Singapore

  Sir Francis Drake Revived (Nichols)

  Slack, Edward R., 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  slash-and-burn

  slash pine

  slaves, slavery, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  African-Indian alliances and

  in Africa vs. Europe

  Asian

  chattel, 3.1, 9.1

  cheap land as inducement to

  cost of, 3.1, 10.1

  death rates

  encomienda system and, 8.1

  exchange of guns for

  as foundational institution

  fugitive, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

  fugitive communities of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  galley

  as hard to control, 8.1, 9.1

  Iberian

  among Indian societies

  indigenous, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1

  inherent problems with

  of Indians

  on Madeira

  malaria and

  malaria immunity and, 3.1, 9.1, 10.1

  Malay

  military background of, 9.1, 9.2

  North-South divide and

  opposition to

  in Peru, 6.1, 6.2

  plantation agriculture and

  on plantations, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  reasons for

  revolts of, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

  treatment of, 3.1, 9.1

  see also maroons

  slave trade, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 10.1

  African demand as important to

  beginning of

  size of

  smallpox, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 8.2

  Smil, Vaclav, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1

  Smith, Adam, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 8.1

  on slavery, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

  Smith, John, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 3.1, 10.1

  autobiographical accounts of

  control of Jamestown by

  smuggling, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6

  snails

  snakes

  snuff

  soil, 1.1, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2

  aluminum-saturated

  degradation and depletion of, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, 10.2

  layers of

  see also erosion, fertilizer

  solanine, 6.1, 6.2

  Solanum maglia

  Solanum tuberosum, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

  Soledade (Brazil maroon community)

  Solenopsis geminata, see fire ant

  Song dynasty, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2

  Songhay empire

  Song Junling

  soup kitchens

  South America, 3.1, 3.2

  South Carolina, 3.1, 6.1

  South Drive Bar and Grill

  Soviet Union

  Spain, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2

  banning of Indian slavery by

  Basque region of

  borrowing by

  Indian policy of

  Indian slavery banned by

  interracial coupling encouraged by

  justification of conquest by, 8.1, 8.2

  liberty promised to maroons by

  maroon-pirate alliance and, 9.1, 9.2

  Moors in

  opposition to galleon trade in

  payment of taxes to King of, 9.1, 9.2

  restriction of mixed people by

  silk in

  silver trade and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1

  slavery in, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2

  tax rates in

  tobacco and

  war of

  Spanish Armada, 1.1, 4.1

  Spanish Inquisition

  Spanish language

  Spanish pesos, 1.1, 4.1

  Spellman, Henry

  Spielman, Andrew

  Sri Lanka, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1

  Stallenge, Edward

  State Department, U.S.

  Staudinger, Hermann

  Stedman, John Gabriel

  steel

  stomata

  Stowe, Harriet Beecher

  Strachey, William, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Strategic Advantages and Weaknesses of Each Province in the Empire, The (Gu), 4.1

  Strategic Energy and Economics Research

  Striker, Laura Polyani

  Studies on the East and West Oceans (Zhang)

  sucrose

  Suffolk

  sugarcane, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1

  domestication of

  plantation agriculture and

  in São Tomé

  sugar mills, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  sugar plantations, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6

  Islamic

  suicide

  Sulayman, Rajah

&nb
sp; sulfur, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  sulfur dioxide

  Sumatra, 4.1, 7.1

  sunflowers

  sunspots

  Surat

  Suriname, 3.1, 9.1, 9.2

  Suriname River

  sweet potatoes, prl.1, prl.2, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2

  swine flu

  Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

  Switzerland, 1.1, 6.1

  sycee, 4.1

  synthetic rubber

  Syria

  Tabriz

  Taino (Indian group), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1

  population of, 1.1, 10.1

  Taiwan

  Taiwan Strait

  Taj Mahal

  talavera ware, 8.1

  Tampa Bay

  Tang dynasty, 4.1, 8.1

  Tang Jianwei, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1

  tantos

  Tao Weining

  Tapajós River, 7.1, 7.2

  Tardieu, Jean-Pierre, 9.1, 9.2

  taro

  tassantassas

  taxes (and tariffs), 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 10.1

  Taylor, Zachary

  tea, 4.1, 7.1

  Teatro Amazonas

  Teatro de Paz

  Tecuichpotzin (Isabel)

  Temple Church

  Tenochtitlan, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  tente en el aire, 8.1, 8.2

  terraces, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 10.1

  tertian fever, 3.1, 3.2, 10.1

  Testu, Guillaume le

  Texas, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

  Texcoco

  textile industry, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1

  Thai catfish

  Thailand, 7.1, 7.2

  Thames

  Thelma’s Paradise, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3

  Thirty-six Bravos

  Thirty Years’ War

  Thornton, John K., 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  “Three Norths” project

  “3–3–3” system

  Tibet

  tilapia

  tires, 7.1, 7.2

  Tiwanaku (Indian group)

  Tlacopan

  Tlaxcala

  Tlaxcalans

  tobacco, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

  addiction to

  in China, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  environmental impact of, 2.1, 10.1

  “houses”

  international culture of

  poetry (Chinese)

  profits on

  snuff

  Tokyo (Edo), 1.1, 1.2

  Toledo, Francisco de

  Tolosa, Juan de

  tomatine

  tomatoes, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2

  toqosh

  Toussaint, see Louverture, Toussaint

  toxic treadmill

  trade, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2

  China’s ban on private, 4.1, 4.2

  joint-stock companies and

  of Philippine rice

  two roles of

  see also galleon trade; silver; specific trade goods

  transvestites

  Traveller-7, 10.1, 10.2

  Tree of Rivers (Hemming), 7.1, 7.2

  tribute payments

  Trio

  Triple Alliance (Aztec empire), 1.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  assaults on

  Tropical Crops Research Institute

  True Account of the Story of Planting Sweet Potatoes in Qinghai, Henan, and Other Provinces

  True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith, The (1630), 2.1, 2.2

  Trujillo (Spain)

  Trujillo, Rafael, 1.1, 1.2

  Tsenacomoco (Indian empire), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8

  agriculture in

  colonists changes made to

  streams of

  tuberculosis, 3.1, 4.1

  tubers

  tuckahoe, 2.1, 2.2

  Tull, Jethro

  tulou, 5.1, 5.2

  turkey

  Twenty-four Constellations

  Twenty-four Generals

  typhoid

  Tyre

  ullamaliztli

  Umbanda

  Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe)

  underground railroad

  UNESCO, 9.1, 10.1

  Union Act of 1707

  United Nations, 7.1, 7.2

  United States, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1

  anti-Italian prejudice in

  blight in, 6.1, 6.2

  guano trade and

  Philippines seized by

  punishing economic embargo on Haiti by

  rubber blockade on China of

  rubber trade and

  Urban VIII, Pope, 1.1, 2.1

  Urdaneta y Cerain, Andrés Ochoa de, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1

  Ursúa, Pedro de

  Ute

  Utopia (More)

  Valdivia, Pedro de

  Valencia, Martín de

  Valiente, Juan

  Vandenbroeke, Chris

  Van der Straet, Jan

  Varela, Consuelo

  Vatican

  Venezuela

  imported slaves from

  Venice, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1

  Venta de Cruces, 9.1, 9.2

  Veracruz, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

  Verasátegui, Domingo de

  Verne, Jules

  Vicuñas, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  Vidal, Laurent

  Vieira, Alberto, 8.1, 8.2

  Vietnam, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1

  Vietnam War

  Vietti, Gigi

  Vijayanagar

  Vikings

  Vila Nova Mazagão, 9.1, 9.2

  vineyards

  Virginia, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.1

  drainage projects in

  drought in

  European deaths in

  malaria in

  slave population of

  swamp-drainage projects in

  see also Jamestown, Va.

  Virginia Company, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1

  Virginia Department of Health

  Virginia Impartially Examined (Bullock)

  Virginia Indians, identification badges of

  Virgin Mary, 8.1, 8.2

  volcanoes, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 10.1

  Voltaire

  von Glahn, Richard, 4.1, 4.2

  Vries, David Pieterszoon de

  vulcanization, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

  wacho, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  walnut

  Wang Pu

  Wang Yuanfang

  Wanli, Ming emperor, 4.1, 4.2

  Wari

  Washington, D.C., 3.1, 9.1

  Washington, George

  water hyacinth

  Waterloo

  water molds

  Wealth and Poverty of Nations (Landes), 2.1, 4.1

  Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 3.1, 3.2

  Webb, James L. A.

  Webster, Daniel

  Weiditz, Christoph

  Weir, James R., 7.1, 7.2

  Wennersten, John R.

  Werowocomoco, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  West Africa, 3.1, 9.1

  West Flanders

  wheat, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

  water content of

  wheat (Triticum aestivum)

  White, Andrew

  white lead

  Whydah

  Wickham, Henry Alexander, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

  Wight, Andrew

  William, King of England

  Williams, Michael

  Wilson, Edward O.

  wine industry

  Winthrop, John

  Wisconsin

  Wither, George

  Witte, Nicolás de

  Wittfogel, Karl

  wokou (“Japanese pirates”), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 5.1

  Wood, Wil
liam

  Woodlief, John

  Woods, William I.

  World Heritage Site

  World War, I, 6.1, 7.1

  “worm” fences

  worms, 2.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4

  see also earthworms

  Wright, Frank Lloyd

  Wuhan

  Wu Island, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  Wu Ruozeng

  Xiamen, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1

  Xie Zhaozhe, 4.1, 5.1

  Xishuangbanna prefecture, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 10.1

  Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 7.1, 7.2

  yams, 5.1, 6.1

  Yancao pu (Tobacco Manual), 5.1

  Yanga, Gaspar, 9.1, 9.2

  Yang Chang

  Yangling

  Yangzi River, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  Yan pu (Smoking Manual)

  yaodong (cave dwellings), 5.1, 5.2

  Yao Lü

  Yeardley, George

  yellow fever, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6

  see also Aedes aegypti

  Yongding

  Yongle, Ming emperor, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  Yongzheng, Qing emperor

  York River, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Young, Arthur, 6.1, 6.2

  Yuan dynasty, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4

  Yuegang, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 5.1

  Philippine trade of, 4.1, 10.1

  Yunnan, 5.1, 7.1

  Yunnan Natural Rubber

  zambo

  Zhangpu County

  Zhang Xie

  Zhejiang, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2

  Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga)

  Zheng Fenli

  Zheng He, 4.1, 10.1

  flagship of

  Zhuge Yuansheng

  Zhu Wan, 4.1, 4.2

  zhuzai

  Zimbabwe

  Zimmerer, Karl

  zooplankton

  zoospores

  Zuitou

  Zumbi

  Zuni (Indian group)

  MAP CREDITS

  Maps by Nick Springer and Tracy Pollock, Springer Cartographics LLC. Sources as follows:

  Map 2 Redrawn from Guitar 1998:13.

  Map 4 Data collected by National Geographic from David G. Anderson, Jeffrey C. Bendremer, Faith Davison, Penelope Drooker, George Hamell, John Hart, Stephen J. Hornsby, Bonnie G. McEwan, Bruce D. Smith, Douglas H. Ubelaker, Marvin T. Smith, Dean R. Snow, Alan Taylor, and John E. Worth. Original map published in National Geographic, May 2007. Redrawn with additional data and advice from William Denevan, William Doolittle, Allan Gallay, and William I. Woods. Also consulted: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History (1987).

  Map 5 Base map by Nick Springer published in National Geographic, May 2007; data from sources above, Helen Rountree, Martin D. Gallivan; additional data from Barlow 2003:22. My thanks to William McNulty and the rest of the NG cartography staff for allowing Nick and me to adapt these maps.

  Map 6 Data from Preservation Virginia, Wetlands Vision (U.K.), Smith 1956. My thanks to Robert C. Anderson and William Thorndale for critiques and suggestions.

  Map 7 Data from Kiszewski et al. 2004:488; Webb 2009:87; Gilmore 1955:348; author’s interview, Donald Gaines.

  Map 12 Redrawn from Central Bureau of Meteorological Sciences (China) 1981.

  Map 13 Redrawn from Bourke 1964:806.

  Map 14 Data from Hecht forthcoming, pers. comm.; Schurz et al. 1925.