Sandys, George, 2.1, 2.2
San Francisco Javier
Sangley Point
San José (Chile)
San Lorenzo de los Negros
San Miguel de Gauldape
Santa María
Santa María la Antigua del Darién, 9.1, 9.2
Santana, Christian de Jesus
Santarém, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Santería
Santiago (Chile)
Santo Antônio (Brazil), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Santo Domingo, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Santos, Roberto
São Paulo
São Tomé (St. Thomas) and Príncipe, 8.1, 8.2
Saramaka (maroon group)
Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro
Savannah River
Saxony
scale insects, 1.1, 1.2, 10.1
Scandinavia
Scholtz, Waldemar
Scholtz & Co.
Schumpeter, Joseph
Schweninger, Loren
Scotland, 3.1, 3.2
Scott, James
scurvy
secondary pests
seigneury
Seminole (Indian group), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
maroon alliance with
slaves of
wars of, 9.1, 10.1
Senegal
Sephardic Jews
Serra da Barriga, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
Sessions, Scott, 3.1, 3.2
Seven Cities of Gold
Seven Years’ War
Seville, 7.1, 9.1
sexual reproduction
Shaanxi (China), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
shack people (pengmin), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 10.1
see also Hakka
Shao Pian
Shapiro, Judith
sharecroppers
sheep, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1
Shelley, Percy Bysshe
Shi, Weiyi, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
shigellosis
shrimp, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Sichuan (China), 5.1, 5.2
Sicily
sickle-cell anemia
“Sickness, Starvation, and Death in Early Hispaniola”
Sierra Leone
Siete Partidas, 8.1, 8.2
silicosis
silk, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
import quotas on, 4.1, 4.2
Silk Road
silkworms, 2.1, 4.1
silt grains
silver, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6
China and, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1
production of, 1.1, 4.1
shipping of
smuggling of, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2
see also galleon trade
silver fox
silver pesos, 4.1, 4.2
Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research
Sinbad the Sailor
Singapore
Sir Francis Drake Revived (Nichols)
Slack, Edward R., 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
slash-and-burn
slash pine
slaves, slavery, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
African-Indian alliances and
in Africa vs. Europe
Asian
chattel, 3.1, 9.1
cheap land as inducement to
cost of, 3.1, 10.1
death rates
encomienda system and, 8.1
exchange of guns for
as foundational institution
fugitive, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
fugitive communities of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
galley
as hard to control, 8.1, 9.1
Iberian
among Indian societies
indigenous, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1
inherent problems with
of Indians
on Madeira
malaria and
malaria immunity and, 3.1, 9.1, 10.1
Malay
military background of, 9.1, 9.2
North-South divide and
opposition to
in Peru, 6.1, 6.2
plantation agriculture and
on plantations, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
reasons for
revolts of, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
treatment of, 3.1, 9.1
see also maroons
slave trade, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 10.1
African demand as important to
beginning of
size of
smallpox, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 8.2
Smil, Vaclav, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
Smith, Adam, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 8.1
on slavery, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Smith, John, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 3.1, 10.1
autobiographical accounts of
control of Jamestown by
smuggling, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6
snails
snakes
snuff
soil, 1.1, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2
aluminum-saturated
degradation and depletion of, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, 10.2
layers of
see also erosion, fertilizer
solanine, 6.1, 6.2
Solanum maglia
Solanum tuberosum, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
Soledade (Brazil maroon community)
Solenopsis geminata, see fire ant
Song dynasty, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2
Songhay empire
Song Junling
soup kitchens
South America, 3.1, 3.2
South Carolina, 3.1, 6.1
South Drive Bar and Grill
Soviet Union
Spain, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2
banning of Indian slavery by
Basque region of
borrowing by
Indian policy of
Indian slavery banned by
interracial coupling encouraged by
justification of conquest by, 8.1, 8.2
liberty promised to maroons by
maroon-pirate alliance and, 9.1, 9.2
Moors in
opposition to galleon trade in
payment of taxes to King of, 9.1, 9.2
restriction of mixed people by
silk in
silver trade and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1
slavery in, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2
tax rates in
tobacco and
war of
Spanish Armada, 1.1, 4.1
Spanish Inquisition
Spanish language
Spanish pesos, 1.1, 4.1
Spellman, Henry
Spielman, Andrew
Sri Lanka, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1
Stallenge, Edward
State Department, U.S.
Staudinger, Hermann
Stedman, John Gabriel
steel
stomata
Stowe, Harriet Beecher
Strachey, William, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Strategic Advantages and Weaknesses of Each Province in the Empire, The (Gu), 4.1
Strategic Energy and Economics Research
Striker, Laura Polyani
Studies on the East and West Oceans (Zhang)
sucrose
Suffolk
sugarcane, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1
domestication of
plantation agriculture and
in São Tomé
sugar mills, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
sugar plantations, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6
Islamic
suicide
Sulayman, Rajah
&nb
sp; sulfur, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
sulfur dioxide
Sumatra, 4.1, 7.1
sunflowers
sunspots
Surat
Suriname, 3.1, 9.1, 9.2
Suriname River
sweet potatoes, prl.1, prl.2, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2
swine flu
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Switzerland, 1.1, 6.1
sycee, 4.1
synthetic rubber
Syria
Tabriz
Taino (Indian group), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1
population of, 1.1, 10.1
Taiwan
Taiwan Strait
Taj Mahal
talavera ware, 8.1
Tampa Bay
Tang dynasty, 4.1, 8.1
Tang Jianwei, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1
tantos
Tao Weining
Tapajós River, 7.1, 7.2
Tardieu, Jean-Pierre, 9.1, 9.2
taro
tassantassas
taxes (and tariffs), 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 10.1
Taylor, Zachary
tea, 4.1, 7.1
Teatro Amazonas
Teatro de Paz
Tecuichpotzin (Isabel)
Temple Church
Tenochtitlan, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
tente en el aire, 8.1, 8.2
terraces, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 10.1
tertian fever, 3.1, 3.2, 10.1
Testu, Guillaume le
Texas, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Texcoco
textile industry, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1
Thai catfish
Thailand, 7.1, 7.2
Thames
Thelma’s Paradise, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
Thirty-six Bravos
Thirty Years’ War
Thornton, John K., 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
“Three Norths” project
“3–3–3” system
Tibet
tilapia
tires, 7.1, 7.2
Tiwanaku (Indian group)
Tlacopan
Tlaxcala
Tlaxcalans
tobacco, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
addiction to
in China, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
environmental impact of, 2.1, 10.1
“houses”
international culture of
poetry (Chinese)
profits on
snuff
Tokyo (Edo), 1.1, 1.2
Toledo, Francisco de
Tolosa, Juan de
tomatine
tomatoes, prl.1, 6.1, 6.2
toqosh
Toussaint, see Louverture, Toussaint
toxic treadmill
trade, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2
China’s ban on private, 4.1, 4.2
joint-stock companies and
of Philippine rice
two roles of
see also galleon trade; silver; specific trade goods
transvestites
Traveller-7, 10.1, 10.2
Tree of Rivers (Hemming), 7.1, 7.2
tribute payments
Trio
Triple Alliance (Aztec empire), 1.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
assaults on
Tropical Crops Research Institute
True Account of the Story of Planting Sweet Potatoes in Qinghai, Henan, and Other Provinces
True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith, The (1630), 2.1, 2.2
Trujillo (Spain)
Trujillo, Rafael, 1.1, 1.2
Tsenacomoco (Indian empire), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8
agriculture in
colonists changes made to
streams of
tuberculosis, 3.1, 4.1
tubers
tuckahoe, 2.1, 2.2
Tull, Jethro
tulou, 5.1, 5.2
turkey
Twenty-four Constellations
Twenty-four Generals
typhoid
Tyre
ullamaliztli
Umbanda
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe)
underground railroad
UNESCO, 9.1, 10.1
Union Act of 1707
United Nations, 7.1, 7.2
United States, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1
anti-Italian prejudice in
blight in, 6.1, 6.2
guano trade and
Philippines seized by
punishing economic embargo on Haiti by
rubber blockade on China of
rubber trade and
Urban VIII, Pope, 1.1, 2.1
Urdaneta y Cerain, Andrés Ochoa de, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1
Ursúa, Pedro de
Ute
Utopia (More)
Valdivia, Pedro de
Valencia, Martín de
Valiente, Juan
Vandenbroeke, Chris
Van der Straet, Jan
Varela, Consuelo
Vatican
Venezuela
imported slaves from
Venice, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1
Venta de Cruces, 9.1, 9.2
Veracruz, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Verasátegui, Domingo de
Verne, Jules
Vicuñas, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Vidal, Laurent
Vieira, Alberto, 8.1, 8.2
Vietnam, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
Vietnam War
Vietti, Gigi
Vijayanagar
Vikings
Vila Nova Mazagão, 9.1, 9.2
vineyards
Virginia, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.1
drainage projects in
drought in
European deaths in
malaria in
slave population of
swamp-drainage projects in
see also Jamestown, Va.
Virginia Company, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1
Virginia Department of Health
Virginia Impartially Examined (Bullock)
Virginia Indians, identification badges of
Virgin Mary, 8.1, 8.2
volcanoes, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 10.1
Voltaire
von Glahn, Richard, 4.1, 4.2
Vries, David Pieterszoon de
vulcanization, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
wacho, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
walnut
Wang Pu
Wang Yuanfang
Wanli, Ming emperor, 4.1, 4.2
Wari
Washington, D.C., 3.1, 9.1
Washington, George
water hyacinth
Waterloo
water molds
Wealth and Poverty of Nations (Landes), 2.1, 4.1
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 3.1, 3.2
Webb, James L. A.
Webster, Daniel
Weiditz, Christoph
Weir, James R., 7.1, 7.2
Wennersten, John R.
Werowocomoco, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
West Africa, 3.1, 9.1
West Flanders
wheat, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
water content of
wheat (Triticum aestivum)
White, Andrew
white lead
Whydah
Wickham, Henry Alexander, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Wight, Andrew
William, King of England
Williams, Michael
Wilson, Edward O.
wine industry
Winthrop, John
Wisconsin
Wither, George
Witte, Nicolás de
Wittfogel, Karl
wokou (“Japanese pirates”), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 5.1
Wood, Wil
liam
Woodlief, John
Woods, William I.
World Heritage Site
World War, I, 6.1, 7.1
“worm” fences
worms, 2.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4
see also earthworms
Wright, Frank Lloyd
Wuhan
Wu Island, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Wu Ruozeng
Xiamen, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1
Xie Zhaozhe, 4.1, 5.1
Xishuangbanna prefecture, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 10.1
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 7.1, 7.2
yams, 5.1, 6.1
Yancao pu (Tobacco Manual), 5.1
Yanga, Gaspar, 9.1, 9.2
Yang Chang
Yangling
Yangzi River, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Yan pu (Smoking Manual)
yaodong (cave dwellings), 5.1, 5.2
Yao Lü
Yeardley, George
yellow fever, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6
see also Aedes aegypti
Yongding
Yongle, Ming emperor, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Yongzheng, Qing emperor
York River, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Young, Arthur, 6.1, 6.2
Yuan dynasty, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Yuegang, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 5.1
Philippine trade of, 4.1, 10.1
Yunnan, 5.1, 7.1
Yunnan Natural Rubber
zambo
Zhangpu County
Zhang Xie
Zhejiang, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2
Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga)
Zheng Fenli
Zheng He, 4.1, 10.1
flagship of
Zhuge Yuansheng
Zhu Wan, 4.1, 4.2
zhuzai
Zimbabwe
Zimmerer, Karl
zooplankton
zoospores
Zuitou
Zumbi
Zuni (Indian group)
MAP CREDITS
Maps by Nick Springer and Tracy Pollock, Springer Cartographics LLC. Sources as follows:
Map 2 Redrawn from Guitar 1998:13.
Map 4 Data collected by National Geographic from David G. Anderson, Jeffrey C. Bendremer, Faith Davison, Penelope Drooker, George Hamell, John Hart, Stephen J. Hornsby, Bonnie G. McEwan, Bruce D. Smith, Douglas H. Ubelaker, Marvin T. Smith, Dean R. Snow, Alan Taylor, and John E. Worth. Original map published in National Geographic, May 2007. Redrawn with additional data and advice from William Denevan, William Doolittle, Allan Gallay, and William I. Woods. Also consulted: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History (1987).
Map 5 Base map by Nick Springer published in National Geographic, May 2007; data from sources above, Helen Rountree, Martin D. Gallivan; additional data from Barlow 2003:22. My thanks to William McNulty and the rest of the NG cartography staff for allowing Nick and me to adapt these maps.
Map 6 Data from Preservation Virginia, Wetlands Vision (U.K.), Smith 1956. My thanks to Robert C. Anderson and William Thorndale for critiques and suggestions.
Map 7 Data from Kiszewski et al. 2004:488; Webb 2009:87; Gilmore 1955:348; author’s interview, Donald Gaines.
Map 12 Redrawn from Central Bureau of Meteorological Sciences (China) 1981.
Map 13 Redrawn from Bourke 1964:806.
Map 14 Data from Hecht forthcoming, pers. comm.; Schurz et al. 1925.